I-Biomass, yonke into oyifunayo kufuneka uyazi malunga namandla ahlaziyekayo

Umbane ngezinto eziphilayo

Into yokuqala omele uyazi kukuba i-biomass ayikho enye into izinto eziphilayo zezityalo okanye imvelaphi yezilwanyana, inkunkuma yendalo kunye nenkunkuma ifakiwe apha, eyiyo Unoxanduva lokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla.

Isizathu kungenxa yenyani yokuba izityalo ziguqula amandla amenyezelayo elanga abe ngamandla eekhemikhali ngokusebenzisa ifotosinthesis kwaye inxalenye yala mandla igcinwe ngohlobo lwezinto eziphilayo, esinokuthi sizisebenzise.

Okwangoku, le nkcazo ilandelayo ye-biomass yamkelwe:

"I-Biomass ithathwa njengeqela leemveliso zamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nezinto ezingavunyelwanga ezivela kwizinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ziindlela zebhayoloji".

Kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto ingqikelelo yamafutha ezinto ezingaphiliyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezithatyathwe kubo, ezinjengeplastikhi kunye nezinto ezininzi ezenziwayo, azikho ndawo kwinkcazo yebiomass.

Nangona la mafutha kunye nezinto ezivela kwizinto eziphilayo zinemvelaphi yebhayiloji, ukwenziwa kwazo kwenzeka kumaxesha adlulileyo.

I-Biomass ke ngamandla ahlaziyekayo avela kwimvelaphi yelanga ngokusebenzisa ifotosinthesisi yezityalo.

indlela i-photosynthesis yamandla eveliswa ngayo

Ukongeza, ngokwe Umyalelo 2003/30 / EC iBiomass yile:

"Iqhekeza elinokuboliswa ngeentsholongwane kwiimveliso zenkunkuma kunye nentsalela evela kwezolimo, amahlathi kunye nemizi mveliso ehambelana nayo, kunye neqhekeza elinokuboliswa yintsholongwane lwenkunkuma evela kwimizi-mveliso nakumasipala."

Ukusuka kwinto esiyiqondayo kukuba ngokubanzi, nayiphi na inkcazo ye-biomass ibandakanya amagama amabini ikakhulu; ivuseleleke kwaye iyindalo.

I-Biomass njengomthombo wamandla

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, umntu ebesebenzisa i-biomass njengomthombo wamandla ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe yemihla ngemihla.

Ukusukela ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kweefosili kwaqala ukubamba, I-biomass yayilityelwe kwindiza esezantsi, apho igalelo lalo kwimveliso yamandla ephambili lalibekekile.

Namhlanje, ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo, i-biomass iye yaqala kwakhona njengomthombo wamandla.

Imiba ebinoxanduva lokuvuselela i-biomass njengomthombo wamandla yile:

  • Ixabiso elinyukayo leoyile.
  • Ukwanda kwemveliso yezolimo.
  • Kufuneka ukhangele ezinye iindlela zokusebenzisa kwimveliso yezolimo.
  • Imo iyatshintsha.
  • Ukubakho kokusebenzisa ulwazi lwesayensi kunye nezobuchwephesha ukwandisa inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla.
  • Isakhelo soqoqosho esithandekayo kuphuhliso lwezityalo ezisebenzisa i-biomass njengombane, ngenxa yenkxaso yemveliso efunyenwe zizityalo ezivelisa amandla ngalo mthombo.
  • Ubunzima bolawulo ekuphuhliseni ezinye iintlobo zeeprojekthi, kushiya i-biomass njengeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokwenza utyalo-mali lwezoqoqosho lube nenzuzo.

Iindidi zebhayomass

I-biomass esetyenziselwa imveliso yamandla ifunyanwa kwintsalela yokuxhaphazwa kwehlathi, kumashishini okutshintsha kokuqala nokwesibini kweenkuni, ukusuka kwiqhekeza lezinto eziphilayo zenkunkuma yasezidolophini, ukusuka kwinkunkuma evela kwimfuyo, imveliso yezolimo kunye namahlathi, izityalo zamandla, ezo zimiselwe kuphela ukuxhaphaza kwazo ukufumana i-biomass.

Ngokubanzi, I-biomass ifunyanwa kuyo nayiphi na imveliso ye-organic esengozini yokusebenzisa amandla, nangona ezi zezona ziphambili.

I-Biomass ehlelwe ngohlobo

I-biomass yendalo

I-biomass yendalo yile eveliswa kuyo Izinto eziphilayo zendalo. Ukuxhatshazwa okunzulu kwesi sibonelelo akuhambelani nokukhusela okusingqongileyo, nokuba sesinye sezona zixhobo ziphambili zamandla kumazwe angaphuhlanga.

Le biomass yendalo yenziwe ngaphandle kongenelelo lomntu ukuyiguqula okanye ukuyiphucula.

Ngokusisiseko imalunga Iintsalela zehlathi:

  • Iziphumo zokucoca amahlathi kunye nokuhlala kwamasimi
  • Iinkuni kunye namasebe
  • IConifers
  • Ngamagqabi

Intsalela yendalo

Intsalela yendalo iyintoni eveliswe kwimisebenzi yoluntu ezisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo. Ukupheliswa kwayo kwiimeko ezininzi kuyingxaki. Olu hlobo lwe-biomass lunoncedo oluhambelana nokusetyenziswa kwalo:

  • Ukunciphisa ungcoliseko kunye nomlilo.
  • Nciphisa indawo yokulahla inkunkuma.
  • Iindleko zokuvelisa zinokuba sezantsi.
  • Iindleko zothutho zinokuba sezantsi.
  • Kuphephe ukukhutshwa zii-CO2.
  • Yenza imisebenzi.
  • Igalelo kuphuhliso lwamaphandle.

Intsalela yendalo ephilayo yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo athile akhankanywe apha ngezantsi.

Intsalela yezolimo

Intsalela yezolimo engasetyenziswanga ukutyiwa ngabantu ithathwa njengefanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa njenge-biomass ukulungiselela iinjongo zamandla.

Oku kusetyenziswa kwemveliso yezolimo esetyenziswa kwityathanga lokutya lomntu ibangele igama elibi elingenasizathu yokusetyenziswa kwebhayomasi ukulungiselela iinjongo zamandla, njengoko oku kusetyenziswa kutyholwa ngokwanda kweendleko zemveliso ezithile zezolimo ezisisiseko sokutya kwilizwe lesithathu nakumazwe asaphuhlayo.

Le ntsalela yezolimo inokusetyenziswa kokubini njengamafutha kwizityalo ezenza umbane kwaye iguqulwe ibe zii-biofuels.

Izityalo zamandla

Izityalo zamandla ezichazwe apha ngasentla zizityalo ezithile ezinikezelwe kwimveliso yamandla.

Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo zemveli zezolimo, ezona mpawu zazo ziphambili zezazo Imveliso ephezulu ye-biomass kunye ne-rusticity ephezulu, ibonakaliswe kwiimpawu ezinje ngokuxhathisa imbalela, izifo, amandla, ukukhula kwangoko, amandla okuzala ngokutsha kunye nokuziqhelanisa neendawo ezinomda.

Izityalo zamandla zingabandakanya izityalo zesintu (iinkozo, iswekile, iimbewu zeoyile) kunye nezingaqhelekanga (isynara, pataca, amazimba aswiti) ezijongwa njengezifundo ezininzi ukumisela iimfuno zabo zokulima.

Iinkqubo zotshintsho lweBiomass

Njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, iindidi ezininzi ezikhoyo zezinto ezifakiweyo ngaphakathi kwimbono ye-biomass ivumela ukuba nayo iseke i Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenguqu ezinokwenzeka yale biomass ibe ngamandla.

Iinkqubo zotshintsho lweBiomass

Ngesi sizathu, i-biomass inokuguqulwa ibe ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zamandla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuguqula, ezi ntlobo zamandla zezi:

Ubushushu kunye nomphunga

Kuyenzeka ukuba kuveliswe ubushushu kunye nomphunga ngokutshisa i-biomass okanye i-biogas.

Ubushushu bunokuba yeyona mveliso iphambili yokufudumeza kunye nokupheka, okanye kunokuba yimveliso yokuveliswa kombane kwizityalo ezivelisa umbane kunye nomphunga.

Umbane wegesi

Ii-biogas eziveliswe kwinkqubo yokugaya ukutya kwe-anaerobic okanye iinkqubo ze-gasification zingasetyenziswa kwiinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi zokuvelisa umbane, ukufudumeza kunye nokulungisa imeko kumacandelo asekhaya, ezorhwebo kunye namaziko nakwizithuthi eziguqulweyo.

Ii-biofuel

Ukuveliswa kwee-biofuels ezifana ne-ethanol kunye ne-biodiesel (ungajonga kwinqaku Indlela yokwenza i-biodiesel yasekhaya) inamandla okutshintsha izixa ezibalulekileyo zamafutha e-fossil kwizicelo ezininzi zokuthutha.

Ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kweethanol eBrazil kubonisile, ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20, ukuba ii-biofuels zinobuchwephesha obunokwenzeka kwizinga elikhulu.

E-United States nase-Yuropu imveliso yabo iyanda kwaye kuyathengiswa kubo kuxutywe nezinye iimveliso zepetroleum.

Umzekelo, umxube obizwa ngokuba yi-E20, oqukethe i-20% ye-ethanol kunye ne-80% yepetroleum, iyasebenza kwiinjini ezininzi zokucima umlilo.

Okwangoku, olu hlobo lwamafutha lufumana uhlobo oluthile isibonelelo okanye uncedo lukarhulumente, kodwa, kwixesha elizayo, kunye nokonyuka kwezityalo zamandla kunye noqoqosho lwesikali, ukuncitshiswa kweendleko kunokwenza imveliso yabo ikhuphisane.

Umbane

Umbane oveliswe kwi-biomass ungathengiswa "njengamandla aluhlaza", ukusukela oko ayinagalelo kwimpembelelo yegreenhouse kuba isimahla ikhupha i-carbon dioxide (CO2).

Olu hlobo lwamandla lunokunika iinketho ezintsha kwintengiso, kuba iindleko zalo ziya kuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba baxhase amanqanaba aphezulu otyalo-mali kubuchwephesha obusebenzayo, obuya kuthi bonyuse umzi mveliso we-bioenergy.

Co-ukuvelisa (ubushushu nombane)

Isizukulwana esidibeneyo sibhekisa kwi- ukuveliswa ngaxeshanye komphunga nombane, inokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zorhwebo ezifuna zombini ezi ndlela zamandla.

KuMbindi Merika, umzekelo, le nkqubo ixhaphake kakhulu kumzi-mveliso weswekile, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba uthathe ithuba lenkqubo yenkunkuma, ikakhulu i-bagasse.

Ngenxa yokuthembeka okuphezulu kwe-bagasse ekhoyo, ngokwesiko, ukuvelisa ngokudibeneyo kwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kule minyaka idlulileyo kuye kwakho imeko yokuphucula inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane ngakumbi kunye nokuthengisa intsalela kwigridi yombane.

Iinkqubo ezinokulandelwa ukwenza olu tshintsho zinokwahlulwa zibe umzimba, i-physicochemical, i-thermochemical kunye ne-biological.

Ukutsha kwizityalo zebiomass

Ukubeka nje, ukutshisa yindlela ekhawulezileyo yokuphendula kwamachiza, ngawo Idibanisa ioksijini evela emoyeni (yintoni ioksijini) ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zeoksijini zepetroli ngaloo ndlela kuvela ukukhutshwa kobushushu.

Ngesi sizathu, ukuba le nkqubo yemichiza yenzeke kwezi meko zine kufuneka zenzeke:

  1. Kufuneka kubekho isixa esaneleyo sepetroli, okt i-biomass.
  2. Kuya kufuneka yenze isixa esaneleyo somoya wokutsha, oqukethe ioksijini eyimfuneko yokwenza ioksijini okanye iphendule kumafutha.
  3. Amaqondo obushushu kufuneka abe phezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba impendulo yenzeke kwaye igcinwe. Ukuba iqondo lobushushu aligqithi kwixabiso elithile, elibizwa ngokuba yiflash point, i-oxidizer kunye ne-fuel aziphenduli.
  4. Kufuneka kubekho umntu oza kuqala ukutsha, ngesiqhelo idangatye esele likho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ezinye izinto zihlala zithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokutsha, nkqu namanye amafutha.

Ukuqalwa kwangaphambili kweBiomass

I-biomass, ngaphambi kokuba iqhubeke nokutsha kwayo kwibhoyila, kufuneka ifakwe kwinkqubo yokulungiselela yangaphambili, ukuququzelela inkqubo yokuphendula phakathi kwamafutha kunye ne-oxidizer.

Le nkqubo iququzelela ukutshisa kuba iyalungisa i-granulometry kunye nenqanaba lokufuma.

Iseti yeenkqubo okanye unyango lwangaphambili luneenjongo ezintathu ezisisiseko:

  1. Ulungelelwaniso igalelo le-biomass kwibhoyila, ukuze ibhoyila ifumane ukuhamba rhoqo kwamandla enexabiso elifanayo.
  2. Nciphisa Igranulometry yayo ukonyusa indawo yomphezulu othile.
    Ngapha koko, ubuncinci besayizi yokutya okuziinkozo, kokukhona umphezulu wombane kunye ne-oxidizer ukuze usabele, ngaloo ndlela ukukhawulezisa impendulo kunye nokunciphisa inani le-biomass engaphenduliyo (engatshiswanga)
  3. Nciphisa ukufuma ukuba iqulethe, ukuthintela loo nxalenye yobushushu ekhutshwe xa kusitsha isetyenziswa njengobushushu bomphunga wamanzi, ukunciphisa ubushushu bomphunga.

Konke oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngefayile ye- ukusetyenziswa kwamandla asezantsi kunokwenzeka, kuba onke amandla asetyenzisiweyo kwezi nkqubo, ngaphandle kokuba amandla ashiyekileyo okanye amandla anokusetyenziswa simahla, oko kuya kuthetha ukwehla kwamandla omnatha aveliswa sisityalo.

Ibhoyila yebhayomass

Ngokuqinisekileyo ibhoyila yeyona izixhobo eziphambili zokutshisa i-biomass ye-thermoelectric plant.

Kuyo, inkqubo yokuguqula amandla emichiza equlethwe kwibhayomass ibe yimbane eshushu yenziwa, eya kuthi kamva iguqulwe ibe ngamandla oomatshini.

Ibhoyila, ukongeza ekubeni sesona sixhobo siphambili, ikwangoyena mcimbi uphambili kubachwepheli abajongene nokusebenza kwesityalo.

Scheme kunye nebhoyila yokutshisa i-biomass

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo izixhobo ezinokubangela ezona ngxaki zinokubangela, zibangele elona xesha lokuphumla, kwaye lifuna olona lawulo lungqongqo.

Izizathu zokuba ibhoyila sisixhobo esinengxaki zezi zilandelayo:

  • Itekhnoloji evelayo, engaphuhliswanga ngokwaneleyo. Ukujongana namava amahle aqokelelwe kwezinye iinkqubo zomlilo ezikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla obushushu kwi-oxidation ye-petroli eqinileyo, enje ngezityalo zamalahle, ukutshiswa kwe-biomass kujongana nothotho lweengxaki ezintsha ezingekaqwalaselwa. zisonjululwe ngokwanelisayo ngokupheleleyo.
  • Umxholo we-potassium kunye ne-chlorine ephezulu ye-biomass ubangela isikali kunye nomhlwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zebhodlela.
  • Ukutsha akuzinzanga ngokupheleleyo, kubonisa umahluko obonakalayo kuxinzelelo nakubushushu.
  • Kukho ubunzima obukhulu ekusebenziseni ngokuzenzekelayo ulawulo lwe-boiler, ngenxa yokuhluka kweemeko apho i-biomass ingafakwa emnyango.
  • Inzuzo yezityalo, nkqu neeprimiyamu zemveliso yombane ebonelelwa ngumthetho waseSpain, iqine kakhulu, inyanzelisa ukonga kuwo onke amacandelo, kubandakanya ibhoyila. Ke ngoko, ezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo okanye ezona ndlela zingcono azisetyenziswanga, ngenxa yokunyuka kweendleko ezibandakanya zona.

Nje enye Ukukhethwa ngokuchanekileyo kohlobo lwebhoyila kunokukhokelela kwimpumelelo ekufezekisweni kweprojekthi yokuvelisa umbane we-biomassKwangelo xesha, ukhetho olungafanelekanga luya kwenza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu kutyalo-mali kolu hlobo lwesityalo, olumele phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-3 yezigidi ze-euro nge-MW yombane wombane ofakiweyo, ukuze ube nenzuzo.

Izityalo zeBiomass thermoelectric

Isityalo se-biomass thermoelectric is a Isityalo sokuvelisa umbane osebenzisa amandla emichiza equlethwe kwisixa esithile se-biomass kwaye ekhutshwa njengamandla obushushu ngenkqubo yokutsha.

Kwindawo yokuqala, isityalo sokubuyisela amandla e-biomass kufuneka sibe nenkqubo yokunyanga kwangaphambili ye-biomass, eyona njongo yayo iphambili kukunciphisa ukufuma okukuyo, ukulungelelanisa ubungakanani kunye nokufana kwe-biomass, ukulungiselela ukumisela iimeko. ukungena kwibhoyila kwaye ufezekise ukusebenza okuphezulu kwenkqubo yokutsha.

Nje ukuba amandla obushushu akhululwe kwiziko elifanelekileyo, iigesi ezikhutshwe ngokutsha, ezenziwe zii-CO2 kunye ne-H2O ubukhulu becala kunye nezinye izinto eziqinileyo nezinegesi, ukutshintshisa ubushushu babo kwibhoyila apho amanzi ajikeleza khona, kwaye ahlala eguqulwa abe umphunga kuxinzelelo oluthile kunye nobushushu.

Iigesi ezivuthayo zidlula kwibhoyila, zinika amandla azo emanzini / kumphunga ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo: Iindonga zamanzi, i-superheater, i-vaporizer boram, i-economizer kunye ne-preheater yomoya.

Umphunga ophantsi koxinzelelo olwenziwe kwibhoyila emva koko uhanjiswa uye kwi-turbine, apho iyakhula khona, ivelise amandla amatsha okuguqula amandla anokubakho kwisitya esiphantsi koxinzelelo aguqulwe. okokuqala kumandla e-kinetic, kwaye kamva kumandla ojikelezayo oomatshini.

Inkqubo-sikhokelo yowiso-mthetho kwizityalo ze-biomass thermoelectric eSpain

Ukuveliswa kombane eSpain kuyahambelana abatyali mali babucala, nangona ingumsebenzi olawulwa kakhulu ngurhulumente.

Imithetho eyahlukeneyo iyalela lo msebenzi, kwaye kubalulekile kulo naliphi na ingcali elisebenza kwizityalo ze-biomass ukuba liyazi le nkqubo-sikhokelo yezomthetho.

Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enxulumene namandla ombane iphantsi kongenelelo lukarhulumente oluthile, unikwe ukubaluleka kwale misebenzi.

Ngokwesintu, ubume beNkonzo kaRhulumente busetyenzisiwe, uRhulumente enoxanduva lokuvelisa, ukuhambisa, ukuhambisa kunye nokuthengisa amandla ombane.

Namhlanje ayisekho iNkonzo kaRhulumente, kuba le misebenzi inenkululeko epheleleyo.

Ungenelelo loluntu ngoku luyagcinwa njengoko ziyimisebenzi ephantsi kolawulo oluqinileyo. Kuya kuba lunomdla ukufunda kwindawo yokuqala ukuba zinjani na iindlela zokuziphatha ezinokuthi zichaphazele imisebenzi enxulumene nokwenziwa, ukuthuthwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwamandla ombane.

I-Biomass yokusetyenziswa kwekhaya

Nangona ndijolise kakhulu ekufumaneni amandla ombane, ukusetyenziswa kwebhayomasi ukuvelisa ubushushu bokusebenzisa ukufudumeza sele kukhankanyiwe kwaye kungcono, kwinqanaba lasekhaya elinama-boiler kunye nezitovu ezinikezelwe ngokukodwa.

iphepha lokuvelisa i-pellet

Ukuba ufuna ulwazi oluthe kratya ungafunda inqaku likagxa wam uGermán Yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nezitovu zepellet

Ngale ndlela, akusayi kubakho mntu unokunqanda kumcimbi we-biomass kwaye ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbi ungalinga ukufaka esinye sezitovu ekhayeni lakho.


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