Imbali yoMhlaba

Isijikelezi-langa sethu njengoko sisazi namhlanje sahluke mpela kwindlela esasikhangeleka ngayo emva nje kokuba sizelwe. IPlanethi yoMhlaba iqikelelwa kwiminyaka engama-4.470 yezigidi zezigidi ubudala. Ngelo xesha yayiyindibaniselwano yamatye angaphakathi awayefudumeza ngaphakathi kwaye aphela enyibilikisa iplanethi yonke. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, amaxolo omile ade omelele. Kwimimandla esezantsi kwakunokwenzeka ukuba amanzi aqokeleleke ngeli lixa, ngaphezulu koqweqwe lomhlaba, kwabekwa iigesi ezathi zakhokelela emoyeni. Inkqubo ye- Imbali yomhlaba yinto enomdla ekufuneka siyazi.

Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ngembali yoMhlaba kunye neyona ibalulekileyo kuwo.

Imvelaphi yeplanethi

Iplanethi yethu yayingeyonto ngaphandle kweqela lamatye adibeneyo awayefudumeza ngaphakathi nangaphandle ayedala umaleko weegesi ezenza umoya. Kuyaziwa ukuba ukwakheka komoya kuye kwavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Akuzange kube njalo njengoko sinayo ngoku. Amanzi, umhlaba kunye nomoya baqala ukusebenzisana ngogonyamelo de udaka oluvela embindini womhlaba lwaphuma ngobuninzi ngokuqhekeka okuninzi okwakukho kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Konke oku kwacetyiswa ngokuziguqula ngenxa yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo.

Ngokwenzululwazi kunye nezifundo zabo, malunga ne-13.800 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwabakho ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu olwaziwa ngokuba yi-Big Bang. Amandla akhutshwe ngesantya esikhawulezileyo, njengesantya sokukhanya, atyhale lo mbandela ungqindilili kuwo onke amacala. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko behamba behamba kude neziko kwaye behlisa isantya, isixa esikhulu semicimbi sihlanganisiwe saza saxinaniswa kwiminyele elandelayo.

Asazi ukuba kwenzeke ntoni kwindalo esikuyo iminyaka eli-9 yezigidi zokuqala; ukuba kukho amanye ilanga, ezinye iiplanethi, indawo engenanto, okanye akukho nto konke konke. Malunga nesiqingatha seli xesha, okanye mhlawumbi ngaphambili, kufuneka ukuba kwakhiwe umnyele.

Ukusekwa kwelanga kunye neeplanethi

Kufutshane nomphetho walo mnyele, ngoku esiwubiza ngokuba yiMilky Way, malunga neebhiliyoni ezintlanu zeminyaka eyadlulayo, enye into yayijolise kwilifu elingqingqwa. Le meko yenzekile kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa sinomdla kakhulu kule.

Kukholelwa ukuba inkwenkwezi ekufutshane kuqhume kwaye kwahamba i-supernova malunga ne-4.600 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Umothuko oveliswe kukuqhushumba wabangela ukuba izinto ezikwinyama yethu yokuqala yelanga ziqale ukuhamba. Ilifu laqala ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza laza layicofa kwidiski. Umxhuzulane uqokelela uninzi lobunzima bube kwinqanaba eliphakathi, kwaye ujikeleze ubunzima obuncinci bujikeleza. Ubunzima obuphakathi buba yindawo ye-incandescent, inkwenkwezi, ilanga lethu.

Ezi zincinci zincinci ziyangqingqwa xa zijikeleza ilanga, zenza iiplanethi kunye neenyanga ezithile. Phakathi kwabo, ubuncinci umgama ofanelekileyo kunye nobungakanani obufanelekileyo bokugcina amanzi kwindawo engamanzi kunye nokugcina imvulophu ebalulekileyo enegesi. Ngokwendalo, le planethi yeyethu, umhlaba.

Imbali yomhlaba

Emva kwenqanaba lokuqala apho umhlaba wajika waba yinto eshushu, amanqwanqwa angaphandle aqala ukuqina, kodwa ubushushu obuvela ngaphakathi bunyibilika kwakhona. Ekugqibeleni, iqondo lobushushu lehla ngokwaneleyo ukuba lenze uqweqwe oluzinzileyo.

Ekuqaleni, umhlaba wawungenamoya, yiyo loo nto wabethwa ziimeteorites. Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo unobundlobongela kwaye isixa esikhulu selava eshushu siyagxothwa. Njengoko uqweqwe luphola kwaye luqina, ubukhulu beqweqwe ngokuthe ngcembe bonyuka.

Lo msebenzi wentaba-mlilo uvelisa isixa esikhulu segesi, esiya kuthi ekugqibeleni senze umaleko kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ukwenziwa kwayo kwahluke kakhulu kunangoku, kodwa ngumaleko wokuqala wokukhusela ovumela ukuba kubonakale amanzi alulwelo. Abanye ababhali babhekisa kwi "Atmosphere I" njenge Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba wawusenziwa ngehydrogen nehelium, Ine methane, iammonia, iigesi ezinqabileyo kunye neoksijini encinci okanye engenayo kwaphela.

Kuqhushumbo lwentaba-mlilo, ioksijini kunye nehydrogen zivelisa umphunga wamanzi, odibana kwimvula yokuqala xa unyukela emoyeni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko umhlaba uqina, amanzi emvula anokuhlala engamanzi kweyona ndawo inzulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba, enze ulwandle, ihydrosphere.

Ukusuka apha, i-paleontology ijongana nesifundo sembali yejoloji, kwaye i-paleontology igxile ekufundeni ngembali yebhayoloji yomhlaba.

Imbali yeGeological yoMhlaba

Kuphando ukumisela nokuqonda imbali yomhlaba, idatha kunye nemikhondo zifunyenwe kwiindidi ezine zamatye. Uhlobo ngalunye lwerwala luveliswa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi kuqweqwe lomhlaba:

1. Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kunye nokuthuthwa kwezinto kubangela ukufakwa kwindawo elandelayo kwaye kuvelise umaleko oqhubekayo wedwala lentlenga Ukuxinana kunye nokukhanya.
2. I-Lava ikhutshiwe kwigumbi le-magma enzulu kwaye ipholile kumphezulu womhlaba ukwenza ilitye lentaba-mlilo.
3. Ubume bejoloji obusekwe ematyeni asele ekhona, athe asokola ukubola.
4. Imisebenzi yeplutonic okanye yemagnatic eyenziweyo ngaphakathi emhlabeni kunye banefuthe phesheya.

Ukwahlulwa kwamanqanaba exesha lejoloji kwimbali yomhlaba kusekwe ikakhulu kutshintsho lweefosili kunye nezinye izinto ezifumaneka kumtya oqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka yokuqala engama-447 ukuya kuma-540 ezigidi zeminyaka yomhlaba ibhalwe ematyeni angenazo kwaphela iifosili, oko kukuthi, Zifosili ezifanelekileyo kuphela ezikhoyo ezikhoyo kwiminyaka engama-540 yezigidi edlulileyo.

Ngesi sizathu, izazinzulu zahlula-hlula imbali enkulu yomhlaba kumathuba amabini aphambili: i-Precambrian, equka i-Subzoic, Paleophonic, ne-Proterozoic, kunye ne-Phanerozoic, eli lixesha le-fossil yelo xesha kwaye ifikelela kwinyani.

Ukufunyanwa kwe-radioactivity kwavumela i-geologists ye-XNUMX yenkulungwane kunye neepaleontologists ukuba benze iindlela ezintsha zokuthandana ezinokunika iminyaka yobudala (kwizigidi zeminyaka) kwisikali sexesha.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngembali yoMhlaba kunye neempawu zawo.