Iintaba zeCaucasus

Enye yeentaba ezaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi lonke ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo njengolwahlulo lwelizwekazi phakathi kwelizwekazi laseAsia naseYurophu iintaba zasecaucasus. Sesinye sezona ntaba ziphakamileyo eYurophu kwaye sineentaba ezininzi ezingaphezu kwe-4.000 yeemitha ukuphakama. Uluhlu lweentaba lubekwe kulo mmandla uphakathi koLwandle oluMnyama kunye noLwandle lweCaspian. Lo mmandla wonke unolwimi kunye nenkcubeko eyahlukileyo kuba ibiyindawo yokuhlangana yorhwebo phakathi kwabantu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, imvelaphi, ukubunjwa kunye nokwakheka kweentaba zeCaucasus.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Amazwe amathandathu aneentaba kwiindawo zawo: iGeorgia, iArmenia, iIran, iTurkey, iAzerbaijan neRashiya, ukongeza kwiRiphabliki ezizimeleyo yaseChechnya, iDagestan, iAyaria, iAdygea, iIngushetia, iKabardia-Balkar, iKarachay-Cherkesia, iNakhichevan kunye ne-North Ossetia. . Amathambeka asezantsi ezintaba alawulwa yiArmenia, iGeorgia neAzerbaijan, kwaye imvelaphi yabo yobuhlanga neelwimi yahluke kakhulu.

Iminyaka emininzi, amaqela eentlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye nabantu abambalwa besilwela inkululeko okanye inkululeko, nto leyo ibangela ukuba le ndawo ibe neengxaki ezinkulu kunye neemfazwe. Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseCaucasus yowe-1817 ukuya kowe-1864, uBukhosi baseRashiya bathimba iindawo ezininzi emantla, zaza uxolo alunakuqinisekiswa nanamhlanje.

Luluhlu lweentaba, nangona ukuphakama kwalo kunokuphikisana noko kweAlps. Ngokomndilili, iincopho zabo zihlala ziphakamile, phakathi kwe-2.000 ne-3.000 yeemitha ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Kuqikelelwa ukuba zingaphezulu kwama-20 iincopho eCaucasus eziphakame ngaphezu kweMont Blanc, eyona ntaba iphakamileyo kwiiAlps. Ngokwahlukileyo, eyona ncopho iphakamileyo kwiiNtaba zeCaucasus yiNtaba iElbrus, emi malunga ne-5.642 yeemitha ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle.

Ukwahlulwa komhlaba kweCaucasus

Le nkqubo yeentaba isuka kuMzantsi-mpuma weYurophu iye eAsia ukusuka kunxweme olusempuma loLwandle oluMnyama ukuya kuLwandle lweCaspian, ukusuka empuma ukuya entshona. Ububanzi bayo buguquguqukayo, ukuya kuthi ga kwiikhilomitha ezili-160. Ukuphakama koluhlu lweentaba kuyanda ukusuka kwindawo ezigabadeleyo, kwaye kukwicandelo eliphakathi apho iincopho eziphakamileyo zifunyanwa, kubandakanya iNtaba iElbrús.

Yahlulwe ngokwendawo ngokweGreater Caucasus emantla kunye neLaucasus encinci emazantsi. I-Greater Caucasus lelona candelo likhulu kunye neyona ntaba iphambili kuyo yonke le nkqubo. Isuka kwiTaman Peninsula iye kwiAntheron Peninsula kuLwandle lweCaspian kwaye yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu: iNtshona Caucasus, Middle Caucasus, kunye neMpuma Caucasus. I-Greater Caucasus kunye ne-Caucasus encinci yahlulwe yiTranscaucasus uxinzelelo, eyintlambo efanayo kunye nobubanzi obumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100, idibanisa unxweme loLwandle oluMnyama kunye noLwandle lweCaspian.

Imozulu yeCaucasus

Imozulu kunye neemeko zobume bomhlaba zenza uninzi lweentaba zalo zibe yinkangala ngakumbi kuneAlps. Iindawo ezikufutshane noLwandle oluMnyama zifumile kakhulu; Ngokwahlukileyo, uLwandle lweCaspian olomileyo lwenza ummandla waseMpuma ube nemozulu eyomileyo okanye eyintlango. Kwiintaba zasentshona Imozulu iba yetropical, ngenxa yoko iimeko zemozulu empuma nasentshona zichasene.

Kukho amaqhwa omkhenkce ngasentshona naphakathi. Umgca womkhenkce udla ngokuqala phakathi kwe-2.800 kunye ne-3.000 yeemitha. Nangona kunjalo, iCaucasus eNcinci ayinazo ii-glaciers ezifana ne-Greater Caucasus. Iintaba ezincinci ezahlula ukudakumba kweTranscaucasia zenza isithintelo phakathi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zempuma nentshona. ICaucasus eNcinci inxibelelene ne-Greater Caucasus kwiiNtaba zeLich Lich, ezahlulwe empuma nguMlambo iKura.

Uqeqesho

Zindala kakhulu ezi ntaba. Uninzi lwamatye lubuyela kwiCretaceous kunye neJurassic, kwaye ukuphakama okuphezulu yi-Precambrian. Njengeentaba ezininzi emhlabeni, zenziwa ngokudibana kwamacwecwe eteknoloji; Kule meko, ukusuka kumacwecwe aseArabhu nase-Eurasia.

Yonke le nto yaqala xa ama-Arabhu aqala ukufudukela emantla de angqubana neplate ye-Iranian kunye noLwandle lwaseTethys luvaliwe. Intshukumo yathatha ixesha elithile emva koko yangqubana nepleyiti ye-Eurasian, eyaphakamisa uqweqwe ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu phakathi kwabo. Iintaba zeGreater Caucasus zaqala ukubonakala kwaye ekugqibeleni iiNtaba ezincinci zeCaucasus zavela.

KwiCenozoic, i-Little Caucasus volcano yayisebenza. Ngaphandle kwezinye zeentaba-mlilo ezikuSingasiqithi iAssheron, ezi ntaba-mlilo zisekho kuloo ndawo ngoku azisekho.

Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana

Ngenxa yokuba iNtshona yeCaucasus inemozulu ekweleenjiko, utyani lushinyene kunolo lweMpuma Caucasus. Ngokubanzi, kukho iintlango, amathafa engca, amadlelo alpine, imigxobhozo kunye namahlathi ecaleni kweentaba. NgokweNgxowa-mali yeWorld Wide yeNdalo (WWF), zingaphezulu kwe-10,000 iintlobo zezityalo kumahlathi axubekileyo I-1,500 yazo zizityalo ezikhoyo, ngaphezu kwama-700 e-vertebrate kunye nama-invertebrate angama-20,000. I-Western Caucasus yenye yeendawo ezimbalwa zeentaba eYurophu ezinempembelelo encinci ebantwini, apho kunokubonwa khona izinto ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo kukho iingingqi ezinengca esezintabeni nezisezantsi.

Kwihlathi layo, kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwezili-10,000 zezityalo, ze ngaphezulu kwe-1,500 zizityalo ezikhoyo. Iiflethi ezingapheliyo zezo zikhethekileyo kuloo ndawo kwaye azifumaneki kwenye indawo. Kwezi zityalo zinika ixabiso elongeziweyo kwindalo ephilayo kwezi ntaba kuba zizizidalwa ezizodwa zezi zinto ziphilayo. Ezi zizityalo ezikwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa nezi meko zahlukile kwezendalo kwaye azifumaneki kwenye indawo.

Njengoko ubona, ezi ntaba zinenani elikhulu lembali kunye nobutyebi kwaye, ke, zezona zaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neCaucasus, iimpawu zayo kunye neentyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana.