Kwii-ecosystems ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi yethu kukho ezininzi Iindidi zomhlaba ezixhomekeke kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo ezifana nemozulu, izityalo, imvula, ulawulo lomoya kunye nezinto ezintlanu ezenza umhlaba: imozulu, ilitye elingumzali, isiqabu, ixesha kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemihlaba ekhoyo, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
Inkcazo yomhlaba kunye nezinto
Umhlaba yinxalenye yebhayoloji esebenza phezu koqweqwe lomhlaba, obangelwa kukuqhekeka kwamatye okanye utshintsho lwenyama kunye neekhemikhali kunye neentsalela zemisebenzi yebhayoloji ezihlala kuwo.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ummandla ngamnye wehlabathi uneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Oku kungenxa yokuba imiba yokwakheka komhlaba iyatshintsha kwisithuba sonke. Umzekelo, imozulu yomhlaba wonke yahlukile, umhlaba wahlukile, nezidalwa ezihlala kuwo zahlukile, njl. Ngoko ke umhlaba ucotha kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe utshintsha ubume bawo njengoko sihamba kwii-ecosystems ezahlukeneyo.
Umhlaba wenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana nelitye, isanti, udongwe, i-humus (i-organic matter ebolayo), iiminerali, kunye nezinye izinto ngokomlinganiselo owahlukileyo. Singahlela ukubunjwa komhlaba ngolu hlobo:
- izinto ezingaphiliyo njengesanti, udongwe, amanzi nomoya, ewe
- Izinto eziphilayonjengeentsalela zezityalo nezilwanyana.
I-humus yiyo yonke into ebolileyo ephilayo eyenza umhlaba uchume. Ukususela kumagqabi awomileyo ukuya kwizidumbu zezinambuzane, ziyinxalenye ye-humus yomhlaba. Oku kufumaneka kumaleko angaphezulu, kwaye kunye nezinye iiminerali, ijika ibe tyheli-mnyama, nto leyo eyinika iqondo eliphezulu lokuzala.
iimpawu zomhlaba
Imihlaba iyahluka ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwemichiza, kunye neempawu zebhayoloji.
Iimpawu zomzimba
Ubume bumisela umyinge weeminerali ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo obukhoyo emhlabeni. Ulwakhiwo yindlela amasuntswana omhlaba ahlangana ngayo ukuze enze iaggregates. Ukuxinana kuchaphazela ukusasazeka kwezityalo. Imihlaba exineneyo iyakwazi ukuxhasa izityalo ezininzi. Ubushushu bukwachaphazela ukusasazwa kwezityalo, ngakumbi ngobude. Umbala uxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo kunye nokutshintsha kunye nokufuma komhlaba.
Iingqinisiso zeQuímicas
- Utshintsho lwesakhono: Kukukwazi komhlaba ukutshintshiselana ngodongwe kunye ne-humus, enika izondlo kwizityalo ngokufunxa amasuntswana amaminerali.
- Ukuchuma: sisixa sezondlo esifumanekayo kwizityalo.
- pH: Ubumuncu, ukungathathi hlangothi okanye ubumuncu bomhlaba. Kamva siza kubona indlela yokutshintsha i-pH yomhlaba.
iimpawu zebhayoloji
Apha sinokufumana iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuyo, kuquka iibhaktheriya, iifungi kunye nezinye izilwanyana. Izilwanyana nazo zenza imisebenzi yazo emhlabeni, kuxhomekeke kukutya kwazo, umsebenzi, ubungakanani, njl.
Iindidi zomhlaba
Uhlobo lwelitye ophuma kulo umhlaba, imbonakalo yomhlaba wendawo, imozulu, imozulu, kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo zezona nkalo zintlanu ziphambili ezimisela uhlobo lomhlaba.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi zinto zenza umhlaba, sisasaza ezi ntlobo zemihlaba kwihlabathi jikelele:
Umhlaba oyisanti
Njengoko igama libonisa, imihlaba yesanti yenziwa ikakhulu kwisanti. Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo, ngenxa ye-porosity ephezulu kunye nokuhlanganiswa okuphantsi, alugcini umswakama, eguqulela kumxholo wayo ophantsi we-organic. Ngoko ke, lo mhlaba awukho kakuhle kwaye awufanelekanga ukutyalwa kuwo.
umgangatho wekalika
Le mihlaba ineetyuwa ezininzi zecalcium. Ngokuqhelekileyo zimhlophe, zomile kwaye zome. Uhlobo lwamatye aphuphumayo kule mihlaba yi-limestone. Ixhathisa kangangokuba ayivumeli ezolimo kuba izityalo azifunxa izondlo kakuhle.
Umgangatho omanzi
Le mihlaba ikwabizwa ngokuba yimihlaba emnyama kuba ityebile kwizinto eziphilayo ezibolayo, eziwungcolisa umhlaba. Imnyama ngombala kwaye igcina amanzi amaninzi, nto leyo eyenza ilungele ulimo.
Umdla
Ezi ubukhulu becala ludongwe, olucolekileyo, kunye nombala otyheli. Olu hlobo lomhlaba lugcina amanzi ngokwenza amadibi kwaye lunokulungela ulimo xa luxutywe ne-humus.
umhlaba onamatye
Njengoko igama layo libonisa, zizele ngamatye nabukhulu bamatye bonke. Ekubeni ingenayo i-porosity eyaneleyo okanye i-permeability, ayibugcini kakuhle umswakama. Ngoko ke, ayifanelekanga kwezolimo.
umgangatho oxubileyo
Yimihlaba ephakathi kwesanti nodongwe, oko kukuthi, iindidi ezimbini zomhlaba.
Utshintsha njani i-pH yomhlaba
Ngamanye amaxesha umhlaba wethu uba neasidi kakhulu okanye unealkaline ukuxhasa uhlaza kunye/okanye izityalo esifuna ukuzikhulisa.
Xa sifuna ukutshintsha i-pH yomhlaba one-alkaline ukuze ube neasidi ngakumbi, sinokusebenzisa ezi ndlela zilandelayo:
- Isalfure engumgubo: isiphumo esicothayo (iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-8), kodwa zisetyenziswa ngakumbi kuba zitshiphu kakhulu. Yongeza i-150 ukuya kwi-250g/m2 kwaye udibanise nomhlaba kwaye ulinganise i-pH ngamaxesha.
- I-Ferric Sulfate: Inomphumo okhawulezayo kunesulfure, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukulinganisa i-pH kuba sinokuyinciphisa kwinqanaba elingeyomfuneko. Idosi yokuthoba i-pH nge-1 degree yi-4 grams ye-ferric sulfate ilitha nganye yamanzi.
- I-Golden Peat: I-pH yayo i-acidic kakhulu (3,5). Kufuneka silahle i-10.000-30.000 kg/ha.
- Kwelinye icala, ukuba sifuna ukutshintsha ipH yomhlaba oneasidi ukwenza ube nealkaline ngakumbi, kufuneka sisebenzise:
- ilimestone yomhlaba: Kufuneka usasaze kwaye udibanise nomhlaba.
- amanzi calcium: Kucetyiswa ngamandla ukuphakamisa i-pH kuphela kwiikona ezincinci.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, kufuneka silinganise i-pH, kuba ukuba sikhula izityalo ezine-acidic (i-maple yaseJapan, i-camellia, njl.) kwaye siphakamise i-pH ngaphezu kwe-6, baya kubonisa ngokukhawuleza iimpawu ze-iron chlorosis, umzekelo.
ukubaluleka komhlaba
Imihlaba ibaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye iyathotywa ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluthe gqolo olubekwa ngabantu. Ixhasa izityalo zehlabathi, amasimi kunye namahlathi kwaye isisiseko sayo yonke imixokomelwano yendalo esemhlabeni.
Ukongezelela, iphazamisana nomjikelo wamanzi kunye nomjikelo wezinto. Uninzi lwenguquko yamandla kunye nenkqunto kwi-ikhosistim ifumaneka emhlabeni. Kulapho izityalo zikhula khona nezilwanyana zishukumayo.
ukufudukela ezidolophini ziye zawahlutha umhlaba yaye ziya ziwohloka ngakumbi ngenxa yokutshiswa kwehlathi okuzingisileyo nongcoliso. Ngenxa yokuba umhlaba uphinda ukhula ngokucothayo, kufuneka uthathwe njengobutyebi obungahlaziyekiyo nobuya bunqongophele. Abantu bafumana ukutya kwabo okuninzi hayi emhlabeni kuphela, kodwa nakwifayibha, iinkuni, kunye nezinye izinto ezikrwada.
Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yobuninzi bezityalo, zinceda ukuthambisa imozulu kwaye kube lula ubukho bemisinga yamanzi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemihlaba ekhoyo kunye neempawu zayo.