Iimpawu zejoloji zikaMars zibandakanya umhlaba we-martian, engowona maleko ungaphandle weregolith entle egqume umphezulu weplanethi. Umhlaba weMartian uphononongwa zizazinzulu ukuze zifumane ulwazi oluninzi malunga nesi sijikelezi-langa. Kwakhona kwenziwa iinzame zokufunda malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kwekamva kuMars.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi ngomhlaba weMartian, iimpawu zawo kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo.
Iimpawu zomhlaba waseMartian
Iipropati zomhlaba we-Martian zinokwahluka kakhulu kumhlaba ofumaneka eMhlabeni. Xa kubhekiswa kumhlaba we-Martian, izazinzulu zihlala zibhekisa kumasuntswana acolekileyo e-regolith, eyimathiriyeli ekhululekileyo egqume ilitye eliqinileyo kumphezulu weplanethi. Ngokungafaniyo nomhlaba osemhlabeni, umhlaba weMartian awunanto iphilayo. Endaweni yoko, Izazinzulu zeplanethi zichaza umhlaba ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi wawo, ziwuhlula kumatye.
Amatye, kulo mxholo, zizinto ezinkulu ezinobukhulu obuyi-10 cm okanye ngaphezulu, ezifana neziqwenga eziveziweyo, iibreccias kunye ne-outcrops, ezine-inertia ephezulu ye-thermal kwaye zihlala zimile phantsi kweemeko zomoya zangoku. Lamatye athathwa njengobukhulu obuziinkozo kunamatye omhlaba ngokwesikali sase Wentworth. Oku Inkcazo yokusebenza ivumela ukungaguquguquki phakathi kweendlela zokuvalelwa kude kweMartian ezisebenzisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zespectrum ye-electromagnetic.
Umhlaba wona uquka zonke ezinye izinto ezingadityaniswanga jikelele nezinokushukunyiswa ngumoya, nokuba zibhityile. Ke ngoko, umhlaba we-Mars ubandakanya izinto ezahlukeneyo ze-regolith ezichongiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokumisa. Imizekelo emininzi eqhelekileyo, njenge Iibhedi, iintsinga, iikhonkrithi, idrift, uthuli, amaqhekeza amatye kunye nesanti zibandakanyiwe kolu didi.
Kukho inkcazo ecetyisiweyo mva nje yomhlaba njengoko ifunyenwe kwizidalwa zasesibhakabhakeni ezifana neasteroids kunye nesathelayithi. Ngale ngcaciso, umhlaba ngumaleko ongadityaniswanga weminerali ekhukuliseke ngokwekhemikhali okanye imathiriyeli ephilayo engaphezulu kwesentimitha ubukhulu. Isenokuqulatha okanye ingaqulathi amacandelo angqindilili kunye nezahlulo zesamente.
Amasuntswana amahle afunyenwe kuthuli lweMartian aqhelekile nokuba mancinci kunalawo afumaneka kumhlaba weMartian, anomlinganiselo ongaphantsi kwe-30 microns ububanzi (obuphindwe ngama-30 kunomgubo wabantwana wetalcum). Ukunqongophala kokuqonda okumanyeneyo oko kubumba umhlaba kuncwadi lwenzululwazi kukhokelela ekungavisisani ngokubaluleka kwawo. Ngelixa inkcazo yepragmatic yomhlaba "njengephakathi ekukhuleni kwezityalo" yamkelwa ngokubanzi kuluntu lwesayensi yeplanethi, inkcazo ebanzi ibonakalisa umhlaba njenge "geochemical / physically altered (bio) material on the surface of the planetary body." . Le ngcaciso ibalaselisa into yokuba umhlaba unolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nexesha elidlulileyo lokusingqongileyo kwaye unokubumba ngaphandle kobukho bobomi.
Iprofayile ye-geochemical
Umphezulu we-Mars ubonakaliswe ngobubanzi besanti kunye nothuli, oluxutywe ngamatye. Ngamathub’ athile, izaqhwithi ezinkulu zothuli zihlasela iplanethi, ziqokelela amasuntswana amahle emoyeni kwaye zinika isibhakabhaka umbala obomvu. Lo mbala obomvu unokuthi ufakwe kwi-oxidation yamaminerali ensimbi, mhlawumbi kwakheka kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo, xa iMars yayinemozulu eshushu nemanzi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezibandayo nezomileyo zanamhlanje, i-oxidation yanamhlanje inokubangelwa yi-superoxide eyenza kwiiminerali ezivezwe kwimitha ye-ultraviolet yokukhanya kwelanga.
Ngenxa yoxinano oluphantsi kakhulu lwe-atmosfera ye-Martian, isanti kucingelwa ukuba ihamba kancinane nemimoya. Ngaphambili, amanzi alulwelo aqukuqela kwiintlambo kunye neentlambo zemilambo asenokuba abumba iMartian regolith. Abaphandi bangoku beMars baphanda ukuba ukutsalwa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kuyaqhubeka nokubumba i-regolith kunye ingaba i-carbon dioxide hydrates ikhona kwiplanethi kwaye idlala indima kwiinkqubo zayo ze-geological.
Izixa ezibalulekileyo zamanzi kunye nekharbon diokside kukholelwa ukuba zihlala zinomkhenkce ngaphakathi kwe-regolith, ngakumbi kwimimandla ye-ikhweyitha ye-Mars, kunye naphezu komhlaba kwiindawo eziphezulu. Isixhobo se-neutron esinamandla aphezulu kwisathelayithi ye-Mars Odyssey sibonisa ukuba i-Martian regolith inamanzi, enza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5% yobunzima bayo. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kucebisa ukuba iinkqubo zemozulu ngokwangoku zinempembelelo enkulu I-Mars ngenxa yobukho beminerali ephantsi yemozulu elula, i-olivine. Ukuqhubela phambili okukhawulezileyo komhlaba kuMars kukholelwa ukuba kubangelwa kukugcwala komkhenkce emhlabeni.
Izinto ezifunyenwe kumhlaba waseMartian
NgoJuni ka-2008, iPhoenix Lander yanikezela ngedatha ebonisa ukuba umhlaba weMartian okufuphi nencam ye-alkaline kancinane kwaye unezondlo eziyimfuneko ezifana nemagnesium, isodium, potassium kunye nechloride, ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Uthelekiso olwenziwe phakathi komhlaba weMartian kunye nezitiya zoMhlaba lucebise ukuba unokulungela ukukhula kwezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Agasti 2008, IPhoenix Lander yenze imifuniselo yemichiza yokuxuba amanzi oMhlaba nomhlaba weMartian ukuvavanya ipH yawo.
Olu vavanyo luqinisekisa iithiyori zezazinzulu ezininzi, ukuveza iimpawu ze-sodium perchlorate kunye nomlinganiselo we-pH osisiseko we-8,3. Ubukho be-perchlorate, ukuba buqinisekisiwe, buya kwenza umhlaba we-Martian ube yinto engaqhelekanga kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili. Ukulawula impembelelo enokubakho yemvelaphi yomhlaba, uvavanyo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukufumanisa unobangela wokufundwa kwe-perchlorate, enokuthi idluliselwe ukusuka kwisiphekepheke ukuya kwiisampulu okanye izixhobo. Nangona ulwazi lwethu ngomhlaba weMartian lunqongophele, uluhlu lwazo olubanzi lweempawu lusikhokelela ekubuzeni ukuba singayithelekisa njani ngokufanelekileyo nomhlaba ofumaneka eMhlabeni.
Njengoko ubona, zininzi izinto ezifunyenweyo malunga nomhlaba weMartian kwaye umdla wawo awuyeki ukukhula. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomhlaba waseMartian, iimpawu zawo kunye nezinto ezifunyenwe mva nje.