I-Quasar: iimpawu kunye neepropathi

quasar kunye nokubaluleka

Siyazi ukuba indalo iphelele kwaye zinokubakho izinto ezininzi ezingaziwayo ezifana neenkwenkwezi ezibhekisa kumzimba wasezulwini. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zeenkwenkwezi ezinokufumaneka esibhakabhakeni. Kuzo zonke ezi zinto zeenkwenkwezi fumana ikhweshari. Yinto yeenkwenkwezi ethathelwa ingqalelo ziingcali zesayensi njengenye yeenkwenkwezi ezikhanyayo ezikhoyo kwindalo iphela. Imalunga neRoger Birds ifumana indawo kude kwaye ikwazi ukukhupha amandla amakhulu ngokusebenzisa imitha efanayo yokuvelisa iinkwenkwezi.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-quasar, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

quasar kwindalo iphela

Ii-Quasars yimizimba yasezulwini exhaswa yimingxunya emnyama emnyama (amawaka ezigidi amakhulu kunelanga lethu). Zikhanya ngokuqaqambileyo kangangokuba zaqaqambisa iminyele yamandulo eyayinayo, kwaye ngelishwa saqala ukuyiqonda kwisiqingatha senkulungwane esidlulileyo.

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ekubeni le miqondiso yomeleleyo ivela kummandla weenkwenkwezi, ongaphezu komnyele. Ngapha koko, sifumana ii-quasars kuphela kwiminyele enemingxunya emnyama emnyama (nkqu nakuyo yonke iminyele emnyama). Xa izinto zezulu zisondele kakhulu, zenza idiski yokongeza efudumeze kwizigidi zeedigri kwaye ikhuphe imitha emininzi.

Imagnethi yendalo ejikeleze umngxunya omnyama ibangela jets zamandla zenziwa kwicala elichaseneyo (iyafana nento eyenzekayo kumandla epulsar, ekwavela kumacala amabini ajongeneyo), ahamba ngesithuba sesigidi seminyaka. Nangona ukukhanya kungakwazi ukuphuma emngxunyeni omnyama kwaye uthuli kunye negesi ziwele kuwo, amanye amasuntswana akhawuleziswa phantse kwisantya sokukhanya ngenxa yalo magnetism.

Ngoku siza kugxila kwiimpawu ze-quasar:

  • Itya amandla aveliswa kukuhlangana okunobundlobongela phakathi kwento yegalactic
  • Ikhula embindini kumnyele omtsha kwaye emva koko iba ngumzimba oqaqambe kakhulu wasezulwini. Ikwanokubona amawaka eminyaka yokukhanya.
  • Ukukhanya kwayo kubangelwa ngumngxuma omkhulu omnyama ophakathi kumbindi weMilky Way.
  • Umcimbi wegesi ojikeleze wona wakwazi ukufikelela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu. Kwakukho ukungqubana okuninzi kunye nesiphithiphithi kuyo.
  • Banamanqanaba aphezulu emitha.
  • Zizigidi ngezihlandlo ezikhanya ngakumbi kuneenkwenkwezi.

Imbali ye-quasar

ikhweshari

Kufuneka sibuyele emva phaya koo-1930, xa uKarl Jansky (omnye woovulindlela benkwenkwezi yanamhlanje nge-astronomy) wafumanisa ukuba ukuphazamiseka okungagungqiyo kwiminxeba yeAtlantic kwavela, okanye kancinci, kwiMilky Way. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zazisele zisebenzisa iiteleskopu zikanomathotholo ukuskena isibhakabhaka kwaye zisebenzise iziphumo zazo ukuzithelekisa nemifanekiso yesibhakabhaka.

Ke ngoko, bafumanise ukuba eminye imithombo emincinci yokukhupha ayinayo imithombo yokulinganisa elinganayo kuluhlu olubonakalayo lokukhanya. Ngamanye amagama, bafumene umthombo wosasazo lukanomathotholo, kodwa abafumananga nkwenkwezi okanye nantoni na ebonakala ngathi ikhupha la mandla kumfanekiso wesibhakabhaka. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zibiza ezi zinto "njengemithombo yamandla engenazingcingo yesikali" okanye "ii-quasars." Emva kweminyaka yophando (kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukubanakho ukucacisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba luhlobo oluthile lokukhutshwa kwimpucuko yamanye amazwe), abantu bafumanise ukuba ngenene ngamasuntswana akhawuleziswa kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya.

Ngumthombo wamandla onoxanduva lokuhambisa ukukhanya okukhulu, Ngumngxuma omnyama omkhulu kakhulu kunye neziko legesi.

Iipropati ze-Quasar

zithini ii-quasars

I-quasar ine-redshift ebonakalayo kwaye bakude nomhlaba. Nangona kubonakala ngathi batyhafile xa bejongwa ngeteleskopu, baqelelene, nto leyo ebenza babe zezona zinto zikhanyayo kwindalo iphela. Banokutshintsha ukukhanya kwabo kumaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ezinye zazo zinokutshintsha ukukhanya kwiinyanga, iiveki, iintsuku okanye iiyure. Ububanzi bequasar obuguquka kwisikali samaxesha seeveki ezimbalwa asinakugqitha kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezikhanyayo.

I-quasar ikwanazo neempawu ezininzi ezifanayo njengeminyele esebenzayo.Imitha ayisiyi-radiation eshushu kwaye iye yabonwa ngeejethi kunye neelobes (njengeminyele yerediyo). Ii-Quasars zinokujongwa kwimimandla emininzi yombane we-electromagnetic, njenge amaza kanomathotholo, infrared, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, iultraviolet, ii-X-ray kunye nemitha ye-gamma. Uninzi lwazo luqaqambe kakhulu kwisakhelo sombala we-ultraviolet kufutshane ne-1216Å yeLyman-alpha hydrogen emission line, kodwa ngenxa yotshintsho olubomvu, indawo ekhanyayo ebonwe kufutshane ne-infrared ifikelela kuma-9000Å.

Ukubaluleka kokufumanisa kunye nokufunda i-quasar kukuba izazinzulu zingayisebenzisa ukufumana ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngendlela yokwenza umngxunya wokuqala omnyama kunye nomnyele wayo.

Zifumaneka phi?

Uninzi lwee-quasars esizifumanayo zizigidi zeminyaka yokukhanya kuthi. Kuba nokuba ihamba ngesantya sokukhanya, le mitha ithatha ixesha elide ukusasazeka. Ukufunda ezi zinto kuyafana nokusebenzisa umatshini wexesha, ukuze sikwazi ukubona izidalwa zasezulwini kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, kanye njengokukhanya kuphume apho. Izigidi zeminyaka. Kwiziqulatho ezingaphezulu kwama-2.000 XNUMX ezaziwayo, uninzi lwalukho kwinqanaba lokuqala leminyele yazo. I-Milky Way inokubhiyozelwa kwiintsuku zokuqala kwaye ithe cwaka ukusukela ngoko.

Ii-Quasars zikhupha ukuya kwi-trillion volts yamandla, idlula konke ukukhanya okuqokelelwe ziinkwenkwezi zonke kwi-Milky Way. Zizinto eziqaqambe kwindalo yonke kwaye Amandla ayo akhanyayo angamaxesha ali-10 ukuya kwali-100.000 XNUMX kwiMilky Way. Ayizizo zodwa izinto ezinezi mpawu, eneneni ziyinxalenye yeqela lezinto zasezulwini ezibizwa ngokuba zii-galactic nuclei esebenzayo, ekwabandakanya iminyele kaSeifert kunye nemizimba yasezulwini.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-quasar kunye neempawu zayo.


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