Enye yeenkqubo ezaziwa kakhulu zeentaba kwaye ezikhoyo eYurophu zezi Unobumba. Uluhlu lweentaba oluthathwa njengeyona inde kuyo yonke iYurophu kwaye ludlulela kumazwe ayi-8. Idlula e-Austria, France, Germany, Monaco, Switzerland, Slovenia, Italy nase Liechtenstein. Amazwe okwenyani anemipayini athathwa njenge-Austria neSwitzerland. Ngesi sizathu, ikwabizwa ngokuba ziiSwiss Alps. Ezi ntaba zithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kubume bamazwe kwaye inkcubeko enkulu inale mvelaphi yale ntaba.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ukubunjwa, i-geology, i-flora kunye nezilwanyana ze-Alps.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Iimpawu zeAlpine zinobuhle obumangalisayo kwaye ziyile inkcubeko yamazwe amaninzi. Le mihlaba ikhona kwiindawo ezininzi zeentaba kunye needolophu ezikuloo ndawo eziye zaba yindawo ethandwa kakhulu ngabakhenkethi. Kule mimandla, ukuskiya, ukunyuka intaba kunye nokunyuka intaba kwaye unabakhenkethi abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-100 ngonyaka.
Ezokuqala zibekwe ngokommandla we-arc ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-800 kumazantsi mpuma eYurophu. Isusela kummandla woLwandle lweMeditera iye kwindawo yoLwandle iAdriatic. Ithathelwa ingqalelo njenge-nucleus yezinye iinkqubo zeentaba ezinjengeentaba zeCarpathian kunye neApennine. Phakathi kwazo zonke iintaba zayo asimfumani IMonte Cervino, iMassif del Monte Rosa, kunye neDom, iMont Blanc yeyona ncopho iphakamileyo, Ngelixa iMatterhorn yeyona nto ibalaseleyo yokubulela kwimilo yayo. Zonke ezi mpawu zenza iiAlps ziqwalaselwe njengenye yeenkqubo zeentaba ezaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi.
Imvelaphi yegama elithi Alps yaziwa ngoku ngokuchanekileyo. Inokuvela kwigama lamaCelt elithetha ukuba mhlophe okanye mde. Eli gama lithathwe ngqo kwigama lesiLatin elithi Alps, ngesiFrentshi. Ummandla wonke we-Alps ube yindawo apho abantu abaninzi bahlala khona ukusuka kwi-Paleolithic engapheliyo kude kube namhlanje. Ngomnqweno ungabona ukuba ubuKristu babufumana njani indawo eYurophu kwaye iimonki ezininzi zazisekwe ezintabeni. Ezinye zazo zazakhiwe kwezona ndawo ziphakamileyo kwaye iilali zazinako ukukhula kuzo.
Imbali isixelela ukuba iiAlps Babonwa njengomqobo ekunzima ukuwoyisa ukufikelela kwezinye iingingqi nakwiindawo zonqulo. Baye bathathwa njengeendawo eziyingozi ngenxa yeendunduma ezininzi kunye neendawo eziyimfihlakalo. Kwakusele inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba xa itekhnoloji inokuvumela uphando lokuhlola.
I-Geology yeeAlps
Inkqubo yonke yeentaba zeAlps ingaphezulu kwe-1.200 yeekhilomitha ubude kwaye ikwilizwekazi laseYurophu ngokupheleleyo. Abanye be Iincopho zayo zingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-3.500 1.200 ukuphakama kwaye ineengaphezulu zomkhenkce ezingaphezu kwe-XNUMX. Inqanaba lekhephu lijikeleze i-2.400 yeemitha, ke likhaya kwiindawo ezininzi zokwenza ukhenketho lwekhephu. Iincopho zihlala zigutyungelwe likhephu ngokusisigxina, zisenza umkhenkce omkhulu kwaye zihlala ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-3.500 XNUMX ukuphakama. Eyona glacier inkulu yaziwa ngokuba yiAletsch.
Iqwalaselwa njenge-nucleus yezinye iinkqubo zeentaba ezinje ngeentaba zangaphambi kweAlps apho ifumaneka khona iJura massif. Amanye amacandelo ale ntaba anwenwela kwiindawo zaseHungary, eSerbia, eAlbania, eCroatia, eBosnia naseHerzegovina naseMontenegro.
Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga komhlaba, singahlulahlula le ntaba ibe ngamacandelo: embindini, entshona nakwimpuma. Kwicandelo ngalinye kula macandelwana ahlukeneyo okanye amaqela amancinci eentaba. Ngokwemvelo singakwazi ukwahlula iiAlps ezisemazantsi umda wazo kunye nezinye iindawo ezizintili zeValtelina, iPusteria neGailtal. Kumazantsi-ntshona kwiiAlps zaseLwandle ezikufutshane noLwandle lweMeditera kwaye zenza umda wendalo phakathi kweFrance ne-Itali. Ngapha koko, incopho yeMont Blanc yaziwa njengelele phakathi kweFrance ne-Itali kwaye iqulethe eyona glacier inde kuyo yonke iFrance. Inxalenye yasentshona icandelo lolu luhlu lweentaba lwanabela emazantsi-ntshona eSwitzerland.
Eminye yemilambo ebaluleke kakhulu kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, efana neRhone, iRhine, iEno kunye neDrava, iphuma phakathi okanye idlula kwiiAlps kwaye iqukuqele kuLwandle oluMnyama, iMeditera neNorth Sea.
Ukuyilwa kweAlps
Ngenxa yobukhulu bale ntaba, ukwakheka kwayo bekuyinxalenye yolandelelwano oluntsonkothileyo lweziganeko zejoloji. Iingcali zejoloji zicinga njalo kuthathe phantse iminyaka eli-100 ukuqonda ubukhulu bazo zonke iziganeko zejoloji ezakhokelela kwiiAlps. Ukuba siyayinciphisa kwimvelaphi, sinokubona ukuba ezangaphambili zenziwa ngenxa yongqubano phakathi kweepleyiti zase-Eurasian naseAfrika. La macwecwe mabini etektoni abangele ukungazinzi kwendawo kunye nokuphakama kwayo. Inkqubo igqityiwe emibini okanye nangaphezulu kwaye igubungela eyadlula iminyaka ezizigidi.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba yonke le orogeny ekugqibeleni yaqala malunga ne-300 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Amacwecwe eTectonic aqala ukungqubana emva kwexesha Cretaceous ixesha. Ukudibana kwala macwecwe mabini etektoni kubangele ukuvalwa kunye nokuthinjwa komhlaba omninzi ohambelana nolwandle iTethys olwalume phakathi kwamacwecwe omabini. Ukuvalwa kunye nokuthinjwa kwenzekile ngexesha le- Miocene kunye Oligocene. Izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuchonga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye ezazingamaqweqwe omabini amacwecwe, yiyo loo nto kungqinwa ukuba kwabakho umothuko omkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuphakamisa umhlaba nokwenza olu luhlu lweentaba. Bakwazile nokufumana amacandelo omgangatho wamandulo waselwandle okaTethys.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
Eyona njongo iphambili yokhenketho zizityalo nezilwanyana ngaphandle kobuhle bembonakalo yomhlaba. Kukho indalo esingqongileyo enjengamawa abukhali, iintlambo, amathafa amade, amahlathi kunye nezinye iindawo ezimqengqelezi. Ukunyibilika komkhenkce kudale amanye amachibi ngamanzi azolileyo akhuthaza ukukhula kweentyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana.
Kukho iyantlukwano enkulu kwezi ndawo. Ezinye zeentlobo ze-alpine ziibhokhwe zasendle okanye ibhokhwe yasendle yeeAlps. Kukho nezinye izilwanyana ezinje ngechamois, ixhalanga elineendevu, iimarmot, iminenke, iinundu, phakathi kwezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo. Iingcuka, iibhere kunye neengqungquthela zibuyela kwiiAlps emva kokukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngenxa yosongelo lomntu. Oku kuphinda kube yinto yokuhlala ngakumbi kubo ngenxa yokhuseleko lwezithuba zendalo ezithile.
Kwiflora sifumana indawo ezininzi ezinengca kunye namahlathi asezintabeni aneepayini, i-oki, i-fir kunye neentyatyambo zasendle. Kuqikelelwa ukuba zimalunga nama-30.000 iintlobo zasendle.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nentaba yeAlps.