EPeru kukho enye yezona nkcubeko zibalulekileyo kodwa ezaziwa kancinci kwilizwekazi laseMelika. Imalunga ne ICaral, esona sixeko sidala kwilizwekazi laseMelika, ngoku ebhiyozela isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-25 yokwembiwa kwayo. Iindawo ezininzi zezinto zakudala ziye zafunyanwa kwesi sixeko esiqulethe ulwazi oluninzi malunga nembali yomntu.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi malunga neCaral, isixeko esidala kunazo zonke kwilizwekazi laseMelika, iimpawu zayo kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo.
ICaral, esona sixeko sidala kwilizwekazi laseMelika
ECaral, esona sixeko sixakekileyo kwilizwekazi laseMelika, kukho iindawo ezininzi zeehektare ezingama-66 eValle Supere kunxweme olusembindini wasePeru. Yenye yezona mpucuko zinkulu eMelika, kunye nempucuko eyakhayo, inkcubeko yeCaral, Ithathwa njengeyona mpucuko indala kwilizwekazi laseMelika.
Uqoqosho lweCaral lusekwe kwezolimo kunye nokuloba kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba lizibuko laseSupe kunxweme lwePasifiki. Kulo mmandla, iindawo zokuhlala ezincinci zaqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwe-3000 B.C. C. kunye 2700 a. C., kwaye ezi ndawo zokuhlala zinxibelelane kwaye zatshintshiselana ngemveliso phakathi kwazo kunye nabanye abantu abakude kakhulu. kwasekwa uluntu oluntsonkothileyo ngakumbi phakathi kwe2700 kunye ne2550 BC isixeko esikhulu saseCaral sakhiwa, indawo yolwakhiwo olukhulu. Kwakungelo xesha apho amaziko amatsha asezidolophini aqala ukubonakala kwi-Super Valley kunye ne-Pativelka Valley ekufuphi, phakathi kwe-2550 kunye ne-2400 BC. Impembelelo yenkcubeko yeCaral yafikelela emantla ePeru, ukusuka eVentarrón, eLambayeque okanye kwezinye iindawo ezisemazantsi njengoko kubonisiwe kwindawo, njengeentlambo zaseChillón, Rímac, Asia…
ubuchule obuphuculweyo
IiCarals yayiluluntu oluhambele phambili olwathi iphuhlise ulwazi olukhulu lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe kwaye idlulisele olu lwazi kwezinye iinkcubeko ezingabamelwane. Akahlali kwizixeko ezinqatyisiweyo okanye enze izixhobo, kodwa arhweba ngobuncwane, ngeempahla nangolwazi nabantu abahlala ezintabeni nasemahlathini. Ngokunjalo, badibana noSpondylus, imollusk eqhelekileyo kumanzi ashushu ase-Ecuador, eyadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuluntu lwaseAndean, baphinda bafumana i-sodalite, iminerali evela eBolivia eyaphinda yavelisa uhlobo olutsha lwaseChile ngokungcwaba abantwana. Abafi baphathwa kwinkcubeko yaseCuervo icebisa ukuba iCaral yayinxulumene nezinye iinkcubeko ezazikude ngokwejografi.
Ukubaluleka kweCaral, esona sixeko sidala kwilizwekazi laseMelika, kubonakaliswa kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, eziluphawu-kwaye lwamkelwa zezinye iinkcubeko-: iiplaza ezijikelezayo ezitshileyo, iiplanga, iingcango ezinekholamu ephindwe kabini, itekhnoloji echasene nenyikima, amaqonga anyusiweyo. Yidolophu eyinkimbinkimbi eyenziwe zizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Ayinayo indawo ebiyelweyo kwaye ibekwe phezu kwethafa elikhuselayo kwiintlekele zendalo ezinokwenzeka.
Isixeko saseCaral asinalo udonga olubiyelweyo kwaye sibekwe kwiqonga elisikhusela kwiintlekele zemvelo. Kusekho iiphiramidi ezintandathu, nganye inezinyuko ezisembindini kunye nesibingelelo esinomlilo osembindini. Izakhiwo zazakhiwe ngamatye nangemithi yemithi ewileyo. Iiphiramidi ezintandathu ziye zasinda, nganye inezinyuko ezisembindini ezijonge inkwenkwezi ethile. Zonke ezi zakhiwo zazinesibingelelo esinomlilo embindini (ojikelezayo okanye omacala amane) kunye nemibhobho engaphantsi komhlaba yokuhambisa amandla omoya. Kwezi zakhiwo kuza kubakho imisitho yonqulo, kuquka ukutshiswa kweminikelo koothixo. Kodwa ezinye zezona zakhiwo zinomtsalane ziiplaza zayo ezimbini ezintsonkothileyo ezisazinge, phambi kwezakhiwo ezibini ezimile okwephiramidi. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba inxulumene nemisitho yonqulo.
intlekele yendalo
Abembi bezinto zakudala basebenze kwiindawo ezili-12 zale nkcubeko ngenjongo yokuqonda inkqubo yentlalontle yeCaral impucuko kunye nendlela eyatshintsha ngayo kwiminyaka eyiwaka, ifumana udumo olukhulu kunye nophuhliso de yangena engxakini kwaye yawa ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. iSupe Valley echumileyo ibe ngumhlaba weendunduma nesanti, ichatshazelwa yimbalela eyathatha ixesha elide, iimeko ezikhokelele ekulahlweni kwamaziko asezidolophini. Utshintsho, iziphumo eziye zaba yintlekele. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bachonga uthotho lweziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu, kuquka iinyikima kunye neemvula ezinkulu eyakhukulisa itheku lelali yokuloba.
Kwakukho nembalela egqithileyo eyathatha amashumi eminyaka: Umlambo iSupe woma kwaye amasimi azaliswe yintlabathi. Ekugqibeleni, emva kokuphelisa iindlala ezahlukahlukeneyo nezitshabalalisayo zale mpucuko izukileyo, iCaral needolophu eziyingqongileyo. Baye balahlwa malunga ne-1900 BC, bengazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kubemi babo.
Izikhumbuzo zeCaral, esona sixeko sidala kwilizwekazi laseMelika
Phakathi kweminyaka eyi-3000 kunye ne-2500 BC, abemi baseCaral waqala ukwenza iindawo zokuhlala ezincinci kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba liphondo laseBarranca, ukunxibelelana kunye nokutshintshiselana ngeemveliso kunye nezinto ezithengiswayo. Kulapho kwaqala khona ulwakhiwo lweziko elikhulu elitsha lesixeko, apho iiplaza ezibalulekileyo zesetyhula kunye neendonga zikawonke-wonke zepyramidal zakhiwa ezazisebenza njengamaziko omsitho. Kwezi zakhiwo, abantu babenqula oothixo yaye betshisa namadini njengomqondiso woxabiso.
Ngethuba lobukho babo, le nkcubeko yakha imisele, iintsalela ezibonisa indlela abasebenzisa ngayo imozulu kunye nemithombo yamanzi. Ngolu lwakhiwo bayakwazi ukwalathisa umoya ukuze amanzi aqukuqelele kweyona ndawo iphantsi aze asetyenziswe kwimisebenzi yasekhaya.
Fumana le nzuzo yendalo Ngomnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla.. IPuquios (“imithombo” ngesiQuechua) yakhiwa kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yale ntlambo njengamadama okulawula amanzi.
Uqoqosho lweCaral lusekelwe ekulobeni nasekulimeni. Ngokutsho kolu phando, bathengisa umqhaphu kunye nentlanzi ephelelwe ngamanzi emzimbeni kunye neminye imibutho yaseAndean naseAmazonian. Urhwebo lotshintshiselwano lwenziwa kunye nezinye iinkcubeko ezingaphuhliswanga kakhulu ezihlala kwingingqi yaseAndean.
Olunye uphawu lukaCaral yayilulwazi lwakhe olubanzi lwenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe, olwathi lwatshintshelwa kwezinye iinkcubeko ezingabamelwane. Olu phuhliso lubonakaliswa ekudalweni kobuchule obutsha bezolimo, njengemijelo ekhankanywe ngasentla. Ngokukwanjalo, kukho ubungqina bokuba le mpucuko isenokuba ilungiselele umkhosi owazenzela izixhobo zawo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neCaral, esona sixeko sidala kwilizwekazi laseMelika.