Siyazi ukuba intsimi ye-physics inezinto ezininzi ezenza kube nzima kubantu abaninzi ukuba baziqonde. Enye yezi zinto yile Amaza omxhuzulane. La maza aqikelelwa sisazinzulu Albert Einstein Kwaye bafunyanwa kwiminyaka eli-100 emva kwengqikelelo yabo. Bamele impumelelo yesayensi kwithiyori ka-Einstein yolwalamano.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ngamaza omxhuzulane, iimpawu zawo kunye nokubaluleka kwawo.
Yintoni amaza womxhuzulane
Sithetha ngokubonakaliswa kokuphazamiseka kwisithuba sithuba esiveliswa bubukho bomzimba omkhulu okhawulezayo ovelisa ukwanda kwamandla kuwo onke amacala ngesantya sokukhanya. Isimo samaza omxhuzulane sivumela ixesha lesithuba ukuba lisolule ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubuyela kwimeko yaso yoqobo. Ikwavelisa ukuphazamiseka okuncinci okubonwa kuphela kwiilebhu zenzululwazi ezihambele phambili. Zonke izinto eziphazamisayo ezinomxhuzulane ziyakwazi ukukhulisa ngesantya sokukhanya.
Zihlala ziveliswa phakathi kwamalungu amabini esithuba okanye nangaphezulu avelisa ukwanda kwamandla ahanjiswa kuwo onke amacala. Yinto ebangela ukuba ixesha lesithuba landise ngendlela enokuthi ibuyele kwimeko yayo yantlandlolo. Ukufunyanwa kwamaza omxhuzulane kuye kwaba negalelo elibaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni indawo ngamaza ayo. Siyabulela oku, ezinye iimodeli zinokucetyiswa ukuze kuqondwe isimilo sendawo kunye nazo zonke iimpawu zayo.
Ukufunyanwa
Nangona enye yeengcinga zokugqibela zika-Albert Einstein kwithiyori yobudlelwane yayiyinkcazo yamaza omxhuzulane, afunyanwa emva kwenkulungwane. Ke, ubukho bamaza omxhuzulane awathi u-Einstein wabonisa bungangqinwa. Ngokwesi sazinzulu, ubukho bolu hlobo lwamaza luvela kwisiseko semathematika esichaza ukuba akukho nto okanye mqondiso unokukhawuleza kunokukhanya.
Sele inkulungwane kamva kwi-2014, i-BICEP2 esweni yabhengeza ukufunyanwa kunye namathambeka amaza omxhuzulane aveliswa ngexesha lokwandiswa kwendalo iphela Isandi esikhulu. Kungekudala emva kokuba ezi ndaba zinokwaliwa xa bekubonakala ukuba le ayiyonyani.
Kunyaka kamva, oosonzululwazi kulingo lwe-LIGO bakwazi ukubhaqa la maza. Ngale ndlela, baqinisekisa ukuba abakhoyo bayazivakalisa iindaba. Ke, Nangona ukufunyanwa kwakungo-2015, babhengeza ngo-2016.
Iimpawu eziphambili kunye nemvelaphi yamaza omxhuzulane
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi ezona mpawu zimeleyo ezenza amaza omxhuzulane yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezifunyanisiweyo kwicandelo le-physics kule minyaka idlulileyo. Oku kuphazamiseka kuguqula ubungakanani bexesha lesithuba ngendlela yokuba likwazi ukulinciphisa ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuba libuyele kwimeko yalo yoqobo. Olona phawu lubalulekileyo kukuba banako ukusasaza ngesantya sokukhanya nakuzo zonke iindlela. Ngamaza atshintshayo kwaye anokuphawulwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikwanomsebenzi wemagneti.
La maza anokuhambisa amandla ngesantya esiphezulu nakwiindawo ezikude kakhulu. Mhlawumbi elinye lamathandabuzo aphakanyisiweyo malunga namaza omxhuzulane kukuba imvelaphi yawo ayinakuchazwa ngokupheleleyo. Banokubonakala kumaxesha ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kubungakanani benye nganye.
Nangona kungacacanga ncam, zininzi izazinzulu ezizama ukufumanisa ukuba amaza omxhuzulane aqala njani. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iimeko ezinokubakho kuzo:
- Xa amabini okanye nangaphezulu kakhulu amaqhekeza esithuba asebenzisana namanye. Ubunzima kufuneka bube bukhulu ukuze amandla omxhuzulane asebenze.
- Imveliso yee-orbits zemingxunya emibini emnyama.
- Ziyakwazi ukuveliswa ngokungqubana kweminyele emibini. Ngokucacileyo, le yinto engenzeki yonke imihla
- Zinokuvela xa imijikelezo yee-neutron ezimbini zingqinelana.
Ukuchongwa nokubaluleka
Makhe sihlalutye ngokufutshane ukuba izazinzulu ze-LIGO zikwazile njani ukuchonga ezi ntlobo zamaza. Siyazi ukuba zivelisa ukuphazamiseka kubungakanani bemicroscopic kwaye zinokufunyanwa kuphela zizixhobo eziphambili kwitekhnoloji. Kuya kufuneka ndikhumbule ukuba ezi zixhobo zibuthathaka kakhulu. Ziyaziwa ngegama le-interferometers. Zenziwe yinkqubo yamatonela aqelelene ngeekhilomitha ezininzi kwaye zilungiswe ngendlela eyiL. IiLaser zidlula kula matonela ubude beekhilomitha aphuma kwizipili kwaye aphazamise xa ewela. Xa islingisi somxhuzulane senzeka, sinokuchongwa ngokugqibeleleyo deformation kwisithuba sexesha. Ukuzinza okuzinzileyo kwenzeka phakathi kwezibuko ezifumaneka kwi-interferometer.
Ezinye izixhobo ezinokubona amaza omxhuzulane ziiteleskopu zerediyo. Ezo teleskopu zerediyo zinokulinganisa ukukhanya kwii-pulsars. Ukubaluleka kokufumanisa ezi ntlobo zamaza yinto evumela abantu ukuba baphonononge ngcono iphela. Kwaye kuyabulela kula maza ukuba ukungcangcazela okwandisa ixesha lesithuba kunokuviwa kakuhle. Ukufunyanwa kwala maza kwenze ukuba kube lula ukuqonda ukuba indalo iphela inokukhubazeka kwaye konke ukukhubazeka kuyanda kwaye kudibana kwindawo yonke kunye nefom yamaza.
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba ukuze kubekho amaza omxhuzulane, iinkqubo ezinobundlobongela ezinjengokudibana kwemingxunya emnyama kufuneka zenziwe. Ngombulelo kuphononongo lwala mazwe onokufumana kulo ulwazi lokuba ezi ziganeko kunye neentlekele ezenzeka kwindalo iphela. Zonke izinto ezinokunceda ekuqondeni nasekucaciseni uninzi lwemithetho esisiseko kwicandelo le-physics. Siyabulela oku, inani elikhulu lolwazi linokubonelelwa ngendawo, imvelaphi yayo kunye nendlela iinkwenkwezi ezikhubazeka okanye ezinyamalalayo ngayo. Yonke le ngcaciso ikwavela ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngemingxunya emnyama. Umzekelo wamaza omxhuzulane Ifunyanwa kuqhushumbe lwenkwenkwezi, ukungqubana kweemeteorites ezimbini okanye xa kusenziwa imingxunya emnyama. Inokufumaneka kwakhona kuqhushumbo olukhulu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga namandla amxhuzulane kunye neempawu zawo.