Ukujongana namadoda embali aphawule ngaphambi nasemva kwenzululwazi esiyifumanayo Alan Turing. Isazi sezibalo saseBritane, isazinzulu sekhompyuter, ifilosofi okanye isayensi yezobuchwephesha, ugqatso lweembaleki, ugqatso lobuchwephesha kunye nombaleki ohamba umgama omde ongaphumlanga okanye enze inkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi ngexesha lakhe. Wazalwa ngo-1912 kwaye wasweleka ngo-1954. Wayegqalwa njengomnye wooTata besayensi yeekhompyuter kunye nomanduleli wekhompyuter yanamhlanje. Enkosi kwigalelo labo, kuye kwabakho ukuphembelela ukwenziwa ngokusesikweni kwe-algorithm eyahlukeneyo kunye neengcinga zokubala, phakathi kwazo sifumana umatshini wokuLinga.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke i-biography kunye nokuxhaphaka kuka-Alan Turing.
I-Biography ka-Alan Turing
Njengoko bekulindelekile, mandulo bekukho ulwazi oluninzi malunga nomhlaba, ukuze umntu akwazi ukugxila kumasebe ahlukeneyo esayensi. Kule meko, sibonile ukuba lo sosayensi uzinikezele kumasebe amaninzi esayensi, ukuze ke abe negalelo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo. UAlan Turing wayalelwa ukuba akhokele ukuthunywa ukubanakho ukucacisa imiyalezo yamaNazi eyayifihliwe ngexesha leWWII. Ukususela esemncinci, wanika iimpendulo ezintle kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo kwimathematics kwaye wamkelwa njengomfundi kwiKing's College kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, lelinye lawona maziko abalulekileyo kwezenzululwazi emhlabeni.
Kweli ziko waziva ekhululekile kwaye waziqonda yena kunye nabanye abantu abambalwa njengobufanasini. Ngeli xesha oku kwakungekho semthethweni eBritani, ngenxa yoko ababaninzi abantu abanokwazi. Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe eyunivesithi, okokuqala, mna nomfundi ndiyenza njengotitshala, wanxulumana nezinye izazinzulu zexesha lakhe.
Ngo-1936 wapapasha inqaku elaye lavela njengemvelaphi yekhompyuter yethiyori. A uchaze into ebenokubalwa kwaye engafikelelekiyo. Koko kukuthi, Ukubala yayiyinto yonke enokusonjululwa yialgorithm. Ialgorithm ichazwa njengeseti yemiyalelo ephelileyo ethi, ngamanyathelo ngamanqanaba ngokulandelelana, ikhokelele kwisisombululo sengxaki. Eminye engakhange idibane nale nkcazo yayiyimisebenzi engenakubalwa. Wayekwazi ukubonisa ukuba kukho iingxaki ezingenaso isisombululo, oko kukuthi, babengenaso isisombululo se-algorithmic.
Ukuze unike umbono kuyo yonke le nto, kwaye wanika umatshini odumileyo onegama lakhe. Sisixhobo esicinga ukuba sinokuphumeza nayiphi na imisebenzi yezibalo enokusonjululwa kusetyenziswa ialgorithm. Kwimeko apho inokucwangciswa kwaye iguqulwe, iya kuba yikhompyuter. Nangona kunjalo, UAlan Turing akazange ayenze le projekthi, ukungabinako ukubala ngeendlela eziyimfuneko zobugcisa.
Inkqubela phambili kwisayensi
Enye yeempembelelo zika-Alan Turing yayikukuqikelela ukusilela okuchaphazela iikhompyuter zethu namhlanje. Phambi kobukho beekhompyuter, le nzulu-lwazi yayingakhange ithiyelwe kuphela ngokusebenza kwayo, kodwa nayo uxele nokusilela kwexesha elizayo. Yile ndlela, ngelixa wayesakha umatshini wakhe, wayichaza ingxaki yokumisa, ukungqina ukuba akukho algorithm enokufumanisa ukuba ngaba umsebenzi uza kugqitywa okanye hayi.
Ngombulelo kwezi ngcinga, wakwazi ukuqikelela ukuba iikhompyuter ziya koma kwaye zitshintshe kwixesha elizayo. Ngamanye amagama, xa ikhompyuter iwela kumngxunya ongapheliyo, kufuneka silungiselele ukuqala kwakhona ukuze sisombulule ingxaki. Kwaye kucingelwa ukuba kukho iingxaki ezingabalulekanga, ipheokanye ke akukho algorithm enokunika isisombululo kuyo.
UAlan Turing ukwaphula iikhowudi
Urhulumente wase-Bhritane wabiza u-Alan Turing ngo-1938 ukuba akhokele iqela elalikwindawo efihlakeleyo yelizwe lakhe. Wayephethe uxanduva bendinomsebenzi ophambili kaCamón wokucacisa imiyalezo evela koomatshini be-Enigma. Aba matshini babephethe ukukwazi ukuhambisa iiodolo ezinekhowudi kwiinkwili zamaNazi ezazisebenza kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantic.
Igalelo leqela elikhokele uTuring kwakubalulekile ukuba ube nakho ukufumana iziphumo zemfazwe uxhasa amahlakani. Kwaye banokuthi bayiphumeze ngobukrelekrele babo kunye noyilo loomatshini bokuqala beBombe. Ezi zixhobo zombane ezakhiwe ngokukodwa ukuze zikwazi ukwaphula iikhowudi ze-Enigma.
Emva kwayo yonke le mpixano, inyani yokwakha kwakhona umatshini eyayinezinto ezifanayo nobuchopho bomntu yaphakanyiswa. Oku malunga neprojekthi eyaziwa njengoomatshini abanengqondo. Ifuna ukwakha ikhompyuter yedijithali ukuze ikwazi ukusombulula iinjongo ezingaphezu kwenye kwaye ikwazi ukugcina inkqubo kwimemori yayo. Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu uAlan Turing awayenazo ebomini bakhe kukuba bamnika iyeza "lokunyanga" ubufanasini bakhe. Eli yeza lamiselwa yijaji kwaye layichaphazela kakubi impilo yakhe.
Ngo-1947 wakwazi ukuvelisa ikhomputha entsha eyayisekwe kwikhompyuter ekwaziyo ukugcina inkqubo kwimemori yayo ephambili, kodwa yayinomthamo omkhulu ngakumbi kunomatshini owandulelayo.
Ingqondo yolwazi
Ngelo xesha, u-Alan wayenomdla kakhulu kubukrelekrele bokuzenzela. Koko kukuthi, Wathandwa yindlela imisebenzi yengqondo yomntu enokuxeliswa ngayo. Elona galelo lakhe lilungileyo kule ndawo laliphinda kwakhona lelo lethiyori. Kuphononongo lwabo baseka iziseko ezahlukeneyo zobukrelekrele bokufakelwa kwaye bacebisa uhlobo lovavanyo ukumisela ukuba umatshini unengqondo okanye akunjalo.
Emva kwesehlo nesithandwa sakhe, u-Alan Turing wabanjwa ngenxa yobufanasini kwaye wagwetywa, nangona ijaji yamnika ithuba lokuvavanywa ukuze anyangwe i-hormone. Konke oku kwenzeka ngo-1952. Eli yeza layichaphazela kakubi impilo yakhe laza lamshiya enoxinzelelo ekuthiwa lwamkhokelela ekubeni azibulale. Njengokuba ubona, ubumdaka bangaphambili bebungafani ngoku ngoku kwaye le nzulu-lwazi ibinokuba negalelo elikhulu kakhulu ekwamkeleni ubufanasini.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi ngo-Alan Turing kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwakhe kwisayensi.