ari zvicherwa nematombo Ivo akakosha kwete chete kune geology, asi kune ruzivo rwepasi. Kubva kwavari tinogona kutora zviwanikwa, zvekuvakisa, zvishongo, zviwanikwa zvemagetsi, nezvimwe. Naizvozvo, isu ticha tarisa muchinyorwa chino pane zvicherwa nematombo. Tichataura nezve izvo zvicherwa uye mhando dzazvo, uye kuti matombo chii uye akakosha sei.
Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve zvicherwa nematombo, iyi ndiyo posvo yako 🙂
Chii chinonzi zvicherwa
Zvicherwa zvinoumbwa neyakaomarara, yakasikwa uye inorganic zvinhu izvo zvakatangira mugma. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kuumbwa nekushandurwa kwemaminerari atovepo nekugadzira mamwe. Yese maminera ine yakatsanangurwa chimiro chemakemikari chinoenderana zvachose nekuumbwa kwayo. Iyo zvakare ine yakasarudzika yemuviri zvivakwa kubva pakuumbwa kwayo maitiro.
Zvicherwa zvakaraira maatomu. Aya maatomu anowanikwa achiumba sero kana cell yekutanga iyo inodzokororwa mukati mechimiro chose chemukati. Aya maumbirwo anomutsa mamwe maumbirwo ejometri ayo, kunyangwe isingawanzoonekwe neziso rakashama, aripo.
Iyo mayuniti maseru anoumba makristasi ayo anonamira pamwechete uye anoumba lattice kana kristaro mesh mamiriro. Aya macristal-anogadzira makristasi anoita zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyo inononoka kuumbwa kwekristaro, iyo yakarairwa kwazvo ese ari ma particles, uye nekudaro, zvirinani maitiro ayo ekujekesa.
Makristani anoumba kana kukura zvichienderana nesanhu kana ndege dzesystem. Iwo macrystalline masystem ari kuunganidza iwo makumi matatu nemaviri marudzi e symmetry anogona kuve nekristaro. Tine zvimwe zvezvakakosha.
- Kugara kana cubic
- trigonal
- Hexagonal
- Rhombic
- Monoclinic
- Triclinic
- tetragonal
Makristaro emamineral haana kusarudzika, asi anoumba zviyero. Kana maviri kana anopfuura makristasi ari kukura pane imwechete ndege kana axis ye symmetry, inozvitora semamineral mamiriro anonzi mapatya. Muenzaniso wemapatya ikristaro quartz yedombo. Kana iyo chicherwa ichifukidza pamusoro pebwe, ichave ichigadzira dhiraivha kana dendrite. Semuenzaniso, pyrolusite.
Pane zvinopesana, kana chicherwa chikakwenenzverwa mumwena wedombo, zvivakwa zvinozivikanwa sema geode zvinoumbwa. Aya ma geode anotengeswa kutenderera pasirese nekuda kwerunako uye kushongedza. Olivine muenzaniso wakajeka we geode. Kune zvakare makuru ma geode akadai sePulpi de Almería yangu.
Kupatsanura zvicherwa
Pane nzira dzakasiyana dzekutsanangura zvicherwa. Ngatitangei neyokutanga. Zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwemaminerari, anogona kuverengedzwa nenzira yakapusa. Ivo vakakamurwa kuva:
- Metallifers: Iwo ndeavo akave akaumbwa kubva kumagma uye ari esimbi ore. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye mhangura nesirivheri, limonite, magnetite, pyrite, musanganiswa, malachite, azurite kana cinnabar, pakati pevamwe.
- Kwete-simbi. Pakati peasina-metalliferous isu tine silicates, ine chikuru chinhu icho silica. Ivo vakaumbwa kubva magma mune asthenosphere. Iwo maminera senge olivine, ecology, talc, muscovite, quartz, ortose uye ivhu. Tinewo zvicherwa zvemunyu, izvo zvinoumbwa kubva kumunyu unotsvedza kana mvura yemumakungwa nemumakungwa yapwa. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kuumbwa kubva mukudzokororazve kwemamwe zvicherwa. Iwo maminera akaumbwa nemvura zhinji. Semuenzaniso, isu tine calcite, halite, silvin, gypsum, magnesite, anhydrite, pakati pevamwe.
Chekupedzisira, isu tine zvimwe zvicherwa nezvimwe zvinoriumba. Izvi zvakagadzirwa kuburikidza nemagma kana kuyedza patsva. Isu tinowana fluorite, sarufa, graphite, aragonite, apatite uye calcite.
Matombo uye kwavo kupatsanurwa
Matombo anoumbwa nemaminetsi emaminerari kana imwe mineral. Parudzi rwekutanga isu tine granite uye yemaminerari isu tine rock yemunyu semuenzaniso. Kuumbwa kwedombo inzira inononoka uye inotevera maitiro akasiyana.
Maererano ne mabviro ematombo, anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvitatu: igneous, sedimentary uye metamorphic. Matombo aya haagare, asi ari kuramba achichinja uye achichinja. Ehezve ndidzo shanduko dzinoitika mune nguva yegeological. Kureva, pamwero wevanhu hatisi kuzoona chimiro chedombo kana kuzviparadza zvachose, asi matombo ane izvo zvinozivikanwa sedombo kutenderera
Igneous matombo
Igneous matombo ndeavo akave akaumbwa kubva kunotonhorera kwemagma anouya achibva mukati mePasi. Iine chikamu chemvura chejasi chinozivikanwa seAsthenosphere. Magma inogona kutonhodzwa mukati nekumanikidzwa kwepasi. Zvichienderana nekuti magma anotonhodza kupi, makristasi anozoumba neimwe nzira kana neimwe uye nekumhanya kwakasiyana, zvichikonzera maitiro akasiyana akadai se:
- Granulated: apo magma inotonhora zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvicherwa zvinonamira pamwe nezviyo zvinoonekwa zvehukuru hwakaenzana.
- Porphyry: Inoitika kana magma inotonhora panguva dzakasiyana. Pakutanga inotanga kutonhorera zvishoma nezvishoma, asizve nekukurumidza uye nekukurumidza.
- Vitreous. Iyo inozivikanwawo seye porous texture. Izvo zvinoitika kana magma inotonhora nekukasira. Nenzira iyi, makristasi haaumbike, asi zvinoita kunge girazi.
Sedimentary matombo
Ndeavo akaumbwa kubva kuzvinhu zvinobva mukukukurwa kwemamwe matombo. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinotakurwa uye zvinoiswa pazasi penzizi kana makungwa. Kana dzichiungana, dzinopa kukakavara. Kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira senge lithification, compaction, cementation uye recrystallization fomu aya matombo matsva.
Metamorphic matombo
Iwo ndiwo matombo ayo akaumbwa kubva kune mamwe matombo. Ivo anowanzo kuumbwa kubva kune sedimentary matombo ayo akawana ese epanyama uye emakemikari shanduko maitiro Ndivo vamiriri ve geological sekumanikidza uye tembiricha iri kugadzirisa dombo. Naizvozvo, mhando yedombo inoenderana neicherwa yadzinayo uye nedanho rekushandurwa kwayakaitwa nekuda kwemageological agents.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve zvicherwa nematombo.