Pasi redu pane akasiyana mafomati e geological uye zvivakwa zvinogona kutishamisa zvishoma. Mumwe wavo akadaro stromatolites. Idzo dzakarongedzwa kana dzakarongedzwa matombo zvivakwa izvo zvinoumbwa nenzvimbo uye / kana zvicherwa zvinoiswa nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwekuvapo kwenzvimbo dzese dzegirini nebhuruu algae. Aya stromatolites anowanikwa mune ese ari manyu uye emunyu mvura uye mune evaporite deposits.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza kuti ndeapi hunhu, kwaanowanikwa uye chii chiri kukosha kwe stromatolites.
Chii chinonzi stromatolites
Stromatolites zvivakwa yakatemerwa kana yakatemwa matombo mafomu akaumbwa nezvidimbu uye / kana zvicherwa zvakaiswa nenharaunda dzebhuruu-green algae uye dzinogona kuwanikwa mumitumbi yemvura nyowani kana yemunyu uye evaporative sediment munzvimbo dzakasiyana pasi. Blue-green algae, inozivikanwa nhasi se cyanobacteria, inomiririra boka remvura prokaryotes - yehumambo hwehutachiona - iyo inogona kuwana simba kubva kuzuva, ndiko kuti, vanogona kuita photosynthesis.
Cyanobacteria nderimwe remapoka akakosha uye akazara eprokaryotic zvipenyu, semhando ipi neipi yebhakitiriya, zvidiki zvidiki, zvipenyu zvine sero rimwe, kunyangwe zvichikura kuita makoloni akakura zvakakwana kuti zvionekwe neziso rakashama. Aya ma photosynthetic microorganisms anogona kunge ari ekutanga zvipenyu zvepanyika, nekuti zvisaririra zvekare zvakawanikwa zvakadzokera kumashure makore anopfuura mabhiriyoni matatu uye ane cyanobacteria anowanikwa mune stromatolites.
Stromatolites zvivakwa zvinoumbwa nemetabolic zviitiko zvevamiririri venharaunda, inotungamirwa necyanobacteria, iyo inogona kukonzeresa nekuisa huwandu hwakawanda hwenzara nemaminerari, kunyanya limestone. Aya matombo matombo anoonekwa seyekare zvisikwa zvipenyu pasi redu, uye Shark Bay muWestern Australia inogara kumamiririri ekare.
Iko kukosha kwe stromatolites iri mune yavo microbial kuumbwa, nekuti iyo cyanobacteria ine dzinogadzira huwandu hwakawanda hwe okisijeni inodiwa nemhuka uye zvimwe zvipenyu mu biosphere.
Mhando huru
Ngatione kuti ndeapi maitiro akakosha ane stromatolites avanogona kumira nawo:
- Iwo matombo zvimiro zvinoumbwa nemajusi, kunyanya cyanobacteria, inonziwo organic sedimentary zvimiro nekuti zvinotorwa kubva kune ezve metabolic zviitiko zvehutachiona hunovanyora.
- Vanogona kuratidza zvimwe zvipenyu, senge imwechete-celled algae, fungi, zvipembenene, crustaceans, nezvimwe, zvichienderana nekwavanowanikwa.
- Kuumbwa kwaro kune matombo kunoumbwa nemusanganiswa wedombo uye dolomite (vakapfuma mu calcium carbonate).
- Dzinoumba munzira yezuva sezvirimwa, saka "dzinokura" dzichigadzika uye dzakarongedzwa mumachira kana zvidimbu.
- Rukoko rwekunze ndirwo mudiki uye hwakareba ndiyo hwaro.
- Vanokura kana kugadzikana zvishoma nezvishoma, saka vanowanzo gara vaine chimiro chine mazana kana zviuru zvemakore.
- Ivo vanogara mumvura yakadzika kana isina kudzika, vanokura pasi, uye vane hanya zvakanyanya neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze, shanduko mumwero wegungwa, uye kusvibiswa.
- Dzinogona kusvika pakakwirira masentimita makumi mashanu kubva pasi, uye dzakaenzana, dzakaumbwa mumakoramu, dzakaumbwa sedome, idenderedzwa, dzakaputirwa, kana dzakasarudzika zvachose.
- Kune zvisaririra zvekare zvekare.
Kukosha kwe stromatolites
Stromatolites inowanzo kuve iri munzvimbo yemumvura yegungwa kana mumvura nyowani, uye kazhinji inoumba mumvura isina kudzika. Iyo yekumadokero muromo weAustralia ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira uko "zvazvino" stromatolites zviripo mumakungwa emunyu ane munyu.
Stromatolites anga aripo uye achiramba achikosha kuhupenyu hwepanyika. Sezvo cyanobacteria yavari irimwe rezvisikwa zvekare zvakanyorwa, ayo photosynthetic zviitiko zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakabatsira mukuumbwa kwenzvimbo ine oxygen-yakawanda matiri kurarama iye zvino uye pakupedzisira takatungamira mukuumbwa kweanerobic zvipenyu.
Uye zvakare, sekutaura kwatatotaura, izvi zvivakwa zvichiri kupa yakawanda oxygen mumhepo yedu, saka hupenyu hwedu hunoenderana nazvo. Kunyangwe paine chimiro chakareruka, stromatolites inoonekwa seyakakosha zvikuru kuminda yebiology, geology, uye kunyangwe nyeredzi, kunyanya nekuti ruzivo runogona kuwanikwa kubva mukutsvaga kwavo. Semuenzaniso, mune geology, stromatolites inopa ruzivo rwakakosha kune subdisciplines senge stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleogeography, paleontology, uye geophysics.
Nekudaro, kazhinji, kukosha kwayo kuri mune anotevera mabasa:
- Tsanangura mamiriro emadzitateguru edzimwe nharaunda, kunyanya zvine chekuita nemunyu uye kuiswa kwemakemikari akasiyana.
- Ziva nzvimbo dzaive nebasa rekubereka munguva yakapfuura.
- Sarudza zera remamwe magariro.
- Dhirowa gungwa rapfuura.
- Ganhurira iyo nguva yekubva kweyephotosynthetic zvipenyu (senge algae) uye kuumbwa kwenharaunda dzehupenyu.
- Nzwisisa chiyero chesimbi chinoungana mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
- Dzidza kuti microfossils inoratidzika sei.
Nzvimbo munzvimbo dzatingavawana
Sezvatakambotaura, kune nzvimbo dzakawanda pasi pano patinogona kuwana stromatolites. Nekudaro, isu tichaenda kuratidza zvimwe zvakamisikidzwa nzvimbo kwatinoziva kuti tinogona kuwana:
- Iyo Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve, muTarapacá, dunhu reTamarugal, Chile.
- Iyo Cuatrociénegas Basin, iri chena renje reCoahuila uye Lake Alchichica, Mexico.
- Bacalar lagoon, muYucatan Peninsula, kumaodzanyemba kweMexico.
- Laguna Salada, mudunhu reRio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
- Gungwa reSalda, muTurkey.
- Iyo Exuma Keys, Exuma Dunhu, Bahamas Islands.
- Pavillion Lake, British Columbia, Canada.
- Blue Lake, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAustralia.
Stromatolites hadzisi dzakajairika mamiriro mune ese ecosystem ecosystems papasi redu, asi kazhinji ivo vanogoverwa munzvimbo ine hushoma umo mamiriro anofarira kuiswa kwezvicherwa zvinozvinyora.
MuMexico, masayiti mana chete anozivikanwa anotsanangura "munguva pfupi yapfuura" stromatolites:
- Cuatrociénegas Basin: Inowanikwa muCuatrociénegas Valley Reserve padyo neCoahuila Desert muDunhu reCoahuila de Zaragoza kuchamhembe kwenyika.
- Lake Alchchica: Gungwa rine munyu rine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemagesiumisi munzvimbo yakasununguka yePuebla, padyo nepakati penyika.
- Laguna de Bacalar, inozivikanwawo seLaguna de los Siete Colores de Bacalar: Inowanikwa muYucatan Peninsula, ndeyenyika yeQuintana Roo.
- Chichankanab Lagoon: zvakare ndeya nyika yeQuintana Roo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve stromatolites uye maitiro avo.