Munyika mune marudzi akasiyana emakomo anoputika zvichienderana nehunhu hwawo uye kwaakabva. Imwe yacho ndeye stratovolcano. Stratovolcano inozivikanwa seyakasiyana-siyana yakakwirira-yakakwirira conical makomo anoputika, akaumbwa nehuwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hwemabota akaomeswa, alternating pyroclastics anogadzirwa panguva dzekuchinjana kwechiitiko chekuputika kwegomo, uye nzizi dzemvura ine dota nemadota anoputika.
Muchikamu chino tichatarisa pakukuudza kuti ndezvipi hunhu, mavambo uye sarudzo dze stratovolcano.
Mhando huru
Stratovolcanoes inoratidzwa nemateru maprofiles uye nekuburitsa nguva nenguva kuputika. Mabota anobuda mumakomo aya anoputika anopenya uye anooma sezvaanotonhora asati afamba madaro marefu. Iyo magmatic sosi yakapfuma mune silica kana asidhi uye ine dacite, rhyolite uye andesite. Mazhinji eaya makomo anoputika anopfuura mamita 2.500 XNUMX muurefu.
Vanodzidza nezvekuputika kwemakomo vakasarudza kushandisa izwi rekuti "stratovolcano" pane rinowanzo shandiswa "composite volcano" kuratidza musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi, sezvo makomo anoputika achiwanzozivikanwa nekuva nemateru emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakaputika zvakasiyana.
stratovolcanoes iwo akajairwa ne subduction zone geology uye anoitika muma arcs kana longitudinal cheni pamicheto ye tectonic plates. Mipendero iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yegungwa yakadzika kudarika continental crust (semuAndes) kana pakati pegungwa (sezvinoonekwa pedyo neIceland). Magma akavaumba akabuda apo mvura yakavharirwa mubasalts nemaminerari yakateuka muasthenosphere (ndiro yepamusoro yejasi rePasi), zvichiita kuti iparare.
Kuputika kwe stratovolcano
Desiccation (kureva kuti, kubviswa kwakakwana kwemvura nemaminerari) kunoitika kana mamiriro akakodzera ekupisa uye kumanikidza aripo kune mamwe maminerari nekuda kwekuderedzwa kweplate. Mvura iri muchikamu chepasi inodzikisira panonyungudika dombo richifamba pamusoro paro parinenge richisunungurwa, saka kunyungudika kunoitika, zvichiita kuti riratidzike kushoma pane dombo rakatenderedza. Inobva yadzinga magma nemukati, kuburitsa mineral compounds yakapfuma musilica.
Magma akaumba pedyo nepamusoro, semadziva ari mumakamuri magma, pasi pemakomo anoputika. Iyo yakaderera hukama hwemagma inobatsira magasi (sarufa, carbon dioxide, uye chlorine) uye mvura inobata, kufanana nekuvhura bhodhoro resoda, kuumba kuputika kwemakomo uye pyroclastic tsvina. Kana huwandu hwemagma negasi hukaungana, denga regomo rinoputika rinoputika, zvichiita kuti pave nekuputika kunoputika.
Subduction nzvimbo
Plate tectonics theory inotsanangura kuderedzwa kweplate sekutevedzana kunokonzerwa nekunyura kwendiro imwe pasi peimwe inoshandura lithospheric plate. Kuita uku kunoitika munzvimbo dzepasi dziri mukati mePacific Ring yeMoto padyo nemhenderekedzo yePacific, munzvimbo dzeGungwa reMediterranean, uye kubva kumahombekombe eIndia neSouth Antilles muIndonesia.
Mienzaniso ye stratovolcano
- Chilean Andes. Nevado Ojos del Salado ndiro gomo repamusoro-soro munyika. Iri gomo rinoputika reChile riri 6.887 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Iyo Llullaillaco volcano iri pedyo, zvakare muChilean Andes, ndiro gomo rinoputika pasi rose pa6.739 metres. Nevado Ojos del Salado ine dhamu rine crater rinenge 6.390 metres pamusoro pegungwa, rimwe remadziva epamusoro-soro, kana risiri iro repamusoro-soro pasi rose. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kuputika kuchangopfuura kwakaitika makore 1300 apfuura, asi havana chokwadi nekuti gomo iri rinogona kunge rakabudisa madota mashoma muna 1993.
- Iye Llullaillaco iri pamuganhu weChile neArgentina. Gomo iri rakaumbwa negomo diki riri pamusoro pegomo rekare rakaputsika pamusoro pemakore 150.000 10.000 apfuura. Madiki anoputika akatanga kuputika makore XNUMX XNUMX apfuura.
- Gomo reSt. Helens. Pasinei nezita rayo seimwe yediki stratovolcanoes muCascades, Mount St. Helens ndiyo inonyanya kushanda. Kuputika kwaro kwakagadzira mitsara inosvika makumi matatu neshanu yemadota mumakore 35 3500 apfuura chete. Gomo rinoputika rinonyanya kuzivikanwa nekuputika kwaro muna 1980 kwakauraya vanhu makumi mashanu nevanomwe, pamwe nekuparadza mamaira 57 emigwagwa, makiromita gumi nemashanu enjanji, mabhiriji makumi mana nemanomwe uye dzimba mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu. Kuputika kwacho kwakakonzerwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru kwe185 uye kwakakonzera kuputsika kwemarara nehuwandu hunosvika 15 cubic kilometers.
- Gomo Rainier. Gomo reRainier ndiro repamusoro-soro muCascade Range pamamita 4.392. Kunyange zvazvo Gomo reRainier pacharo rakatanga muhafu yemiriyoni yapfuura yemakore, koni yakafanana yakanga iripo pakati pemamiriyoni 1 ne2 emakore apfuura. Kuputika makore 5.600 1.000 apfuura kwakagadzira gomba guru pamusoro pepamusoro, iro gare gare rakazadza sezvo musangano wakavakwazve nekuputika kwakatevera. Nepo kuputika kwegomo rekupedzisira kuputika kwakaitika makore XNUMX XNUMX apfuura, kwakave nekuputika kukuru kwakaputika kwakaparadzira madota muWashington state.
- Krakatoa Icho chitsuwa chinoputika chiri chikamu cheSunda Strait. Muna 1883, gomo rinoputika rakasangana nekuputika kwechisimba kwakatevedzana kwakatumira madota anopfuura makiromita makumi mashanu mumhepo uye yaigona kunzwika makiromita angangoita 50 kubva kwairi. Simba guru rakabudiswa nekuputika kwacho rakakonzera tsunami iyo yakauraya hupenyu hwevanhu 2200 pazvitsuwa zveSumatra neJava.
- Gomo reTambora Igomo rinoputika muIndonesia iro rakaputika muna 1815. Kutaura zvazviri, kuputika kwemakomo aya kwakanga kune chisimba zvokuti kwakanyorwa semamwe makurusa munhau. Tembiricha yepasi rose yakadzikira neinosvika 3 madhigirii celsius pakaputika gomo, izvo hazvishamise sezvo dota racho rakakandirwa makiromita makumi mashanu mudenga. Nekuda kwekuti volcano yakaburitsa zvinhu zvakawanda, yakadonha mushure mekuputika, ikagadzira gomba rakakura zvekuti rinogona kuonekwa kubva muchadenga mukuitika.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve stratovolcano uye maitiro ayo.