Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ine mhedzisiro inokanganisa pasi redu. Mhedzisiro yazvo iri kuwedzera zvese mukuwandisa uye kusimba nekuda kwe kuwedzera kwe greenhouse athari.
Munhoroondo yePasi pakave nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze akati wandei, zvisinei, izvi zvakagadzirwa nemunhu ndizvo zvakanyanyisa. Chikonzero chikuru chayo girinihausi gasi inoburitswa inoendeswa mudenga nemabhizimusi edu, zvekurima, zvekufambisa zviitiko, nezvimwe. Zvisinei, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze haina kukanganisa nyika dzese zvakaenzana sezvo inoshanda zvinoenderana nehunhu hwecosystem uye nekuchengetedza kupisa kwega kwega gasi rinodziya. Iwe unoda kuziva zvakawanda nezvazvo?
Zvinhu zvinokanganisa mamiriro ekunze
Sezvo isu tichiziva, iyo greenhouse mhedzisiro ndeyechisikigo uye yakanyatso kudikanwa kune hupenyu hwepasi redu. Iyo yakaenzana system yekuchinjisa uye shanduko yesimba mumhepo, yepasi uye nyanza. Kutenda kune greenhouse mhedzisiro, mamiriro ekunze ePasi anoramba akadzikama uye aine avhareji tembiricha inoita kuti igare. Kudzikama uku kunoitika nekuti huwandu hwesimba rinogashirwa nenyika zvakaenzana neyainopa. Izvi zvinokonzera kuenzanisa kwakaringana simba chiyero.
Nekudaro, nekuda kwevanhu uye zviitwa zvedu zvinoburitsa magasi ekupisa mumhepo, iyi muyero wesimba unove usina kuenzana. Kana simba rese rakachengetwa rakakura, kudziya kunoitika uye kana kwakapesana, kutonhora. Muchiitiko chedu tinogona kufungidzira zviri nyore kuti huwandu hwesimba rakachengetwa nepasi rakakura kwazvo kupfuura iro rakaburitswa nemweya we greenhouse gasi unochengetedza kupisa mumhepo.
Iko kusungirirwa kwemagreenhouse gasi kwakawedzera mumhepo kubvira 1750 nekutanga kwemaindasitiri echimurenga. Ndipo pakapiswa mafuta ezve marasha semarasha nemafuta zvakatanga kupa mafuta enjini dzemoto mumaindasitiri nekutakura. Aya asingadzorwi emweya wegreenhouse gasi mudenga ari kukonzera yakanaka simba mwero muPasi-mhepo mamiriro. Ndokureva, kupisa kwakawanda kunochengetwa pane kudzorerwa kune imwe nzvimbo yekunze.
Kuchinja kwemasikirwo emamiriro ekunze
Vanhu vazhinji vanobatanidza cyclical kana zvimwe zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvemarudzi akasiyana siyana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Ichokwadi kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inowedzera kuwanda uye kusimba kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanyisa, asi shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokonzerwa nekusaenzana uku mumiyero yemagetsi haifanire kuvhiringidzwa nekuchinja kuri kuita mumamiriro ekunze.
Muchokwadi, kuratidza kuti ichi ichokwadi, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti, kunyangwe munguva apo mamiriro ekunze asina kugadzikana, masisitimu anoumba mamiriro ekunze epasi. zvinoshanduka-shanduka zvakasikwa. Kazhinji, uku kushanduka kunodaidzwa kunzi kuscillation nekuti ivo vanofamba pakati penyika mbiri huru.
Uku kushomeka kunogona kuve nekukosha kukuru uye kukanganisa pamamiriro ekunze zvese mudunhu nepasirese. Iyo mienzaniso inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeaya oscillations ari Mukomana nemusikana. El Niño inokonzeresa kudziya kunoonekwa kwegungwa mukati uye kumabvazuva kweEquatorial Pacific, inogara nhatu kana ina. Kana tembiricha yenzvimbo ino yegungwa ichidonha pasi pematanho akajairwa, chiitiko ichi chinonzi La Niña.
Chii chinoshanduka shanduko yemamiriro ekunze?
Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ine mhedzisiro mhedzisiro iri kukonzera mhedzisiro dzakasiyana pa:
- Izvo zvipenyu: Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inorwisa ecosystem, ichideredza zvipenyu zvakasiyana uye ichiita kuti zviomere marudzi mazhinji kurarama. Izvo zvinoshandura zvakare kuchengetera kabhoni mukutenderera uye zvidimbu zvinogara zveimwe mhando. Nzvimbo dzakakamurwa njodzi huru idzo mhuka nezvirimwa zvinotarisana nazvo uye kuti, dzimwe nguva, zvinogona kureva kutsakatika kwemarudzi acho.
- Masisitimu evanhu: Nekuda kwemhedzisiro mhedzisiro yazvinoita mumhepo, kunaya kwemvura, tembiricha, nezvimwe. Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inorwisa masisitimu evanhu achikonzera kurasikirwa kwekuita mune zvekurima. Semuenzaniso, zvirimwa zvakawanda zvinokuvadzwa nekusanaya kwakanyanya kana kutadza kurimwa nekuda kwetembiricha yakakwira, kutenderera kwezvirimwa kunodiwa, zvipembenene zvinowedzerwa, nezvimwe. Kune rimwe divi, kusanaya kwemvura kunowedzera kushomeka kwemvura yekunwa yekudiridza, kuendesa maguta, kushambidza migwagwa, kushongedza, indasitiri, nezvimwe. Uye nekuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete ichi, zvinokanganisa hutano, kuoneka kwezvirwere zvitsva ...
- Urban systems: Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inobatawo masisitimu emumaguta, zvichikonzera mafambiro ekufambisa kana nzira kugadziridzwa, matekinoroji matsva anofanirwa kuvandudzwa kana kuiswa muzvivakwa, uye kazhinji zvinokanganisa mararamiro
- Masisitimu ehupfumi: Zvekutaura nezve hurongwa hwehupfumi. Zviripachena, shanduko mumamiriro ekunze inokanganisa kuwana simba, kugadzira, maindasitiri anoshandisa zviwanikwa ...
- Zvemagariro masisitimu: Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inobatawo masisitimu ehukama zvichikonzera shanduko mukutama, zvichitungamira kuhondo nemakakatanwa, kutyora kuenzana, nezvimwe.
Sezvatinogona kuona, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze chinhu chinotibata isu muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva uye nepakatipoteredza.
Greenhouse gasi chengetedzo chinzvimbo
Kana tangoongorora kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inotibata sei, ticha tarisa kuti ndeapi magasi anoburitswa zvakanyanya uye simba rawo rekuchengetedza kupisa. Izvi zvakakosha kuti tizive sezvo patinowedzera kuziva nezve magasi aya, ndipo patinokwanisa kuedza kudzikisa kuwedzera kwe greenhouse effect.
Magasi eGreenhouse (GHGs) anoteedzera magasi ari mudenga anopinza uye anoburitsa mwaranzi yemasaisai marefu. Ivo vanowanzofukidza pasi uye, pasina ivo mudenga, tembiricha yepasi inogona kunge iri 33 degrees kudzika. Iyo Kyoto Protocol yakatenderwa muna1997 ikatanga kushanda muna 2005, yaisanganisira aya magasi ekupisa manomwe seanonyanya kukosha:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2): Gasi rega rega rekupisa rakapihwa unit inoenderana nechengetedzo yekupisa kugona mumhepo. Chidimbu ichocho chinonzi Global Warming Potential (GWP). CO2 ine 1 CFM uye chadzakaburitswa chinoenderana ne76% yezvese zvinobuda. Hafu yeEC2 inoburitswa mudenga inosanganiswa nemakungwa uye biosphere. Mamwe ese eEC2 asina kunyudzwa anoramba ari mudenga kwemazana zana kana zviuru zvemakore.
- Methane (CH4): Methane gasi ndiyo yechipiri inonyanya kukosha gasi yekupisa, ichipa zvikamu gumi nezvitanhatu kubva muzana. Iyo PCM ine makumi maviri neshanu, ndiko kuti, inochengetedza zvakapetwa ka16 zvakapfuura kupisa kupfuura CO25, kunyangwe hazvo kusangana kwayo mumhepo kuri pasi zvakanyanya. Hupenyu hwayo kutenderera ipfupi, haigone kutora makore gumi nemaviri mumhepo.
- Nitrous oxide (N2O): Iyo igreenhouse gasi inoitisa 6% yezvose zvinobuda. Iyo ine GWP yemakumi maviri nesere, kunyangwe ichifanirwa kutaurwa kuti 298% yeN60O inoburitsa mudenga inouya kubva kune zvakasikwa senzvimbo dzinoputika. Iine hupenyu hwekutenderera kweanosvika makore zana negumi nemana.
- Fluorinated gases: Kupisa kwayo uye kupisa kwekuchengetedza kugona kunogona kuita makumi maviri nemakumi maviri neshanu pane simba kupfuura iro re CO23.000. Vanoramba vari mumhepo kusvika makore zviuru makumi mashanu.
Vakaona Shanduko muPasi Pekunonoka Kwemvura
Maonero anoratidza kuti pane parizvino shanduko muhuwandu, kusimba, kuwanda uye mhando yemvura yekunaya. Aya maficha ekunaya anowanzo kuratidza hukuru hwakasiyana musiyano; uye zviitiko zvakadai saEl Niño uye kumwe kuchinjika kwechisikigo mune mamiriro ekunze zvine pesvedzero inozivikanwa.
Pamusoro pezana ramakore rapfuura, zvisinei, pakave nemitauro yenguva refu muhuwandu hwemvura inonaya, zvakanyanya kuwanda mumativi ekumabvazuva eNorth neSouth America, kuchamhembe kweEurope, kuchamhembe nechepakati peAsia, asi zvisingawanzo. MuSahel, kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica. , Mediterranean uye kumaodzanyemba kweAsia. Mukuwedzera, zvakave zvichionekwa kuwedzera kwakawanda kwezviitiko zvekunaya kukuru kwemvura, kunyangwe munzvimbo idzo huwandu hwese hwekunaya hwadzikira.
Kukanganisa kweshanduko yemamiriro ekunze mu Africa
Africa ndeimwe yemakondinendi ari panjodzi yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Vazhinji ve Africa vanogashira kunaya kwakanyanya, iine chete nzvimbo yepakati neyekumabvazuva inowana kuwedzera kunaya kwemvura. Inofungidzirwa kuti kuchave nekuwedzera munzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakaoma -oma muAfrica pakati pe5% ne8% kusvika 2080. Vanhu vachatambura zvakare kunetseka kwemvura nekuda kwekusanaya uye kushomeka kwemvura kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinokanganisa kugadzirwa kwekurima uye kuwana chikafu kunowedzera kuoma.
Kune rimwe divi, kukwira kwenzvimbo dzegungwa kuchabata maguta makuru ari munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemahombekombe, seAlexandria, Cairo, Lomé, Cotonou, Lagos neMassawa.
Kukanganisa kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze muAsia
Mhedzisiro kunze kwe Africa ichaonekwa muAsia. Semuenzaniso, kunyunguduka kwechando kunowedzera mafashama uye matombo emvura, uye zvinokanganisa zviwanikwa zvemvura zveTibet, India neBangladesh; Izvi zvinozokonzeresa kudzikira kwekuyerera kwenzizi nekuwanika kwemvura yakachena, sezvo maaizi echando anoderera. Mugore ra2050, vanhu vanodarika bhiriyoni vangatambura nekushomeka kwemvura. Maodzanyemba akadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia, uye kunyanya akagarira matunhu makuru e deltas, ari panjodzi yekufashamira. Inenge makumi matatu kubva muzana yemakorari eAsia anotarisirwa kunyangarika mumakore makumi matatu anotevera nekuda kwekumanikidza kwakasiyana uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Shanduko mukunaya kwemvura dzinotungamira mukuwedzera kwezvirwere zvemanyoka, zvinonyanya kusangana nemafashama uye kusanaya kwemvura.
Inogona zvakare kuwedzera huwandu hwehunhu hwemarariya uye nekudaro zvinokanganisa vanhu vazhinji veAsia.
Migumisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze muLatin America
Kudzoka kwemazaya echando munzvimbo ino nekuderera kunonaya kwemvura kunogona kukonzera kudzikira kwemvura inowanikwa yekurima, kunwa uye kugadzira simba. Nekushomeka kwemvura inowanikwa, kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvekudya kwaizodzikira uye izvi zvaizotungamira kumatambudziko mukuchengetedza chikafu.
Nekuda kwekutsakatika kwenzvimbo zhinji dzinopisa, Latin America inogona kurasikirwa nekukosha kwekusiyana kwehupenyu. Kuderera kwehunyoro hwevhu kunotarisirwa kukonzera a zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva kwemasango anopisa nemasavanna kumabvazuva kweAmazonia. Imwe njodzi iri mungozi iri muCaribbean ndiyo matombo ekorari, ayo ari musha kune zviwanikwa zvipenyu zvegungwa. Kukwira kwenzvimbo dzegungwa kuchawedzera njodzi yemafashama mumatunhu ari munzvimbo dzakadzika, kunyanya muCaribbean.
Mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pazvitsuwa zvidiki
Zvitsuwa zvidiki zvakawanda, semuenzaniso muCaribbean nePacific, zvichasvikira pakuderedzwa kwemvura kusvika kuzosvika pakuve isingakwanise kuzadzikisa kudiwa munguva yemvura shoma. Kukwira kwemwero wegungwa kunokonzeresa kupinda kwemvura yemunyu mune zviwanikwa zvemvura nyowani uye nekudaro hazvizonwiwe. Naizvo Kukwira kwenzvimbo dzegungwa kunotarisirwa kuwedzera mafashama, mafungu emhepo, kukukurwa kwevhu uye zvimwe zviitiko zvegungwa zvine njodzi, ichipa tyisidziro kuzvivakwa zvakakosha, nzvimbo dzekugara uye zvivakwa zvakakosha pakupona kwenzvimbo dzezvitsuwa. Kushata kwemamiriro ekumahombekombe uye kuchenesa matombo ekorari kuchaderedza kukosha kwenzvimbo idzi senzvimbo yekushanya.
Sezvauchaona, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokanganisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana nenzira dzakasiyana asi vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana: kuparadza zvese zviri munzira yacho.