ari matombo Makorari inzvimbo dzakasimudzwa kuzasi kwegungwa nekuita kwebiological kuita kwezvipenyu zvinonzi polyps. Izvi zvimiro zvebhayoloji zvinowanikwa mumvura isina kudzika yemakungwa anopisa umo tembiricha iri pakati pe20 ne30ºC. Iwo akakosha zvikuru kune zvakatipoteredza uye kudzora kwemakungwa uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Naizvozvo, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze iwe ese maitiro, mavambo uye kukosha kweiyo coral reef.
Chii chinonzi coral reef
Coral polyps ndeyekirasi Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria), uye yavo anatomical chimiro chiri nyore. Vane radial symmetry uye mhango inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvetishu, zvakaparadzaniswa neseptum.
Muviri wekorari une muromo, kana muromo, chekudya nekubvisa. Dzine nhevedzano yematende ane minzwa yakatenderedza miromo yadzo, idzo dzinoshandisa kubata mhuka dzadzo.
Kune makorari akapfava nemakorari akaoma, ekupedzisira ari makorari anovaka matombo. Hukukutu hwacho hunopiwa nekuti vanoumba chidimbu che calcite (crystalline calcium carbonate) pamuviri.
Aya mapolyp anoumba makoroni akakura ane musanganiswa wekuberekana kwepabonde uye kusasununguka, uye kukura kwawo kunoda mvura ine brackish, inodziya, yakajeka uye yakabvongodzwa. Kuvandudzwa kwemakoroni aya kwakagadzira chimiro chakavakwa seutiziro pamvura uye semukwevi weupenyu nechikafu.
Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu e geological uye ecological dynamics yenzvimbo, matatu emhando mhando dzecoral reef dzakaumbwa. Imwe yacho imatoral reef ayo anoumba mumhenderekedzo yegungwa. Mamwe marudzi ndiwo ma barrier reef and atolls (zvitsuwa zvakaumbwa nering of coral reef uye central lagoon) kure nemhenderekedzo.
Makorari ematombo anogarwa nemhando dzakasiyana dze chlorophyll, macroalgae (brown, red, uye green), uye coralline algae. Zvisikwa zvine marudzi akawanda emakorari, hove, invertebrates, zvinokambaira (marine turtles) uye kunyange mhuka dzemumvura dzakadai semanatee.
Invertebrates dzinosanganisira hozhwa, octopus, squid, shrimp, starfish, urchins dzegungwa uye sponges. Makorari makuru zvikuru pasi rose iCoral Triangle muSoutheast Asia neGreat Barrier Reef muAustralia. Saizvozvo, Mesoamerican-Caribbean reefs uye Red Sea reef.
Pasinei nekukosha kwazvo kune zvipenyu zvemugungwa uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu zvepasi rose, macoral reef ari mungozi. Kutyisidzirwa kwezvipenyu izvi zvinosanganisira kudziya kwepasi rose, kusvibiswa kwegungwa, uye migodhi yemakorari.
Kune zvakare kutyisidzira kwehupenyu, sekuwanda kwemarudzi ekudya emakorari akadai sekorona-ye-minzwa starfish.
Hunhu hwese
dombo recoral chero hurefu huri pasi pegungwa pakadzika kwemamita gumi nerimwe kana pasi. Inogona kunge iri jecha kana dombo, kana kunyange dombo rekugadzira rakagadzirwa nechikepe chakapunzika. Panyaya yemakorari, ndiko kusimudzwa kunokonzerwa nemabiomes anoburitsa calcareous exoskeletons.
Makorari emakungwa anokura mumakungwa anopisa pasi rose, muAmerica neGulf of Mexico, Florida, nemhenderekedzo yePacific kubva kuCalifornia kuenda kuColombia. Iwo anowanikwawo pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic yeBrazil uye muCaribbean, kusanganisira makondinendi uye zvitsuwa zvegungwa.
MuAfrica dzinomhanya dzichitevedza mhenderekedzo yegungwa inopisa yeAtlantic, nepo muAsia dzinowanikwa muGungwa Dzvuku, Indo-Malay Islands, Australia, New Guinea, Micronesia, Fiji, uye Tonga. Makorari ematombo anofungidzirwa kuti anosvika 284 kusvika 300 square kilometers, 920 muzana ari munharaunda yeIndo-Pacific. 000% yemakorari epasi rose akagoverwa pakati peIndonesia, Australia nePhilippine.
Morphology
Mapolyps ane radially symmetrical, uye mhango yemuviri yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu ne radial partitions, ndiko kuti, yakafanana nesaga (coelenterate). Saga iri, rinonzi lumen kana ura, rinosanganisira kuvhura kunze (muromo).
Muromo unoshandiswa kune zvese kupinda kwechikafu nekudzingwa kwemarara. Kugayiwa kunoitika mu lumen, kana lumen, yemidziyo yemudumbu. Muromo wakakomberedzwa nemhete yematende., yadzinoshandisa kubata mhuka yadzinenge yabata dzichiunza kumuromo wadzo. Aya matende ane masero anoruma anonzi nematoblasts kana cnidocytes.
Cnidoblasts inoumbwa negomba rakazara nechinhu chinobaya uye filaments yakamonerwa. Kumagumo kwayo kune kuwedzera kusinganzwisisike iyo, kana yamutswa nekubata, inoburitsa ma filaments akaturikidzana.
Iyo filaments inonyudzwa mumvura inoruma uye inopinda mukati menyama yemhuka kana muvengi. Muviri wemhuka idzi une zvikamu zviviri zvemasero, Yekunze inonzi ectoderm uye yemukati inonzi endoderm.. Pakati pezvikamu zviviri pane gelatinous substance inonzi mesoplasty. Coral polyps haina chaiwo nhengo dzekufema, uye masero avo anotora oksijeni kubva mumvura.
Dinoflagellates (microscopic algae) inogara munyama yakapfava inopenya yekoral polyps. Aya algae, anozivikanwa sezooxanthellae, anochengetedza hukama hwesymbiotic nemapolyps.
Iyi symbiosis ndeye mutualism (zvose zvipenyu zviri muhukama zvinobatsira). Zooxanthellae inopa kabhoni nenitrogen makomisheni kumapolyps, uye mapolyp anovapa ammonia (nitrogen). Kunyangwe mamwe makorari ekoroni aive asina zooxanthellae, iwo chete makorari makoroni airatidza mubatanidzwa uyu akaumba matombo.
Coral Reef Nutrition
Pamusoro pekuwana chikafu chinopihwa ne zooxanthellae, coral polyps inovhimawo usiku. Kuti vaite izvi, vanotambanudza tumatende twavo tudiki kuti abate mhuka diki dzemugungwa. Idzi mhuka diki chikamu chezooplankton inotakurwa nemhepo yemugungwa.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza
Makoral reef anoda mvura isina kudzika, inodziya uye yakaoma. Izvo hazvikure mumvura umo tembiricha iri pasi pe20 ºC, asi yakanyanya tembiricha inovakanganisa, yavo yakanaka tembiricha yemhando ndeye 20-30 ºC.
Mamwe marudzi anogona kukura mumvura inotonhora iri pakati pe1 kusvika 2.000 metres kudzika. Semuenzaniso, isu tine Madrepora oculata naLophelia pertusa, ayo asina hukama ne zooxanthellae uye ari machena makorari.
Makorari haagone kukura munzvimbo dzakadzika dzegungwa nekuti zooxanthellae inoda chiedza chezuva chephotosynthesis.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve coral reef uye maitiro avo.