Munguva dzekare, kurima kwaitsamira pakudonha kwemvura kubva kudenga. Mazana emakore gare gare, vanhu vakatanga kugona kutsauswa kwemvura idzi kuti kurima kuve nyore. Kare tsika yekuyera mafashamo enzizi huru yakatotanga. VaEgipita ndivo vakatanga kuziva kuyera kuyerera kweNairi kuti tinzwisise goho regore, ringava goho rakawanda kana kushomeka kwezvokudya, uye nzara norufu zvakatevera. Apa ndipo pane pfungwa yekuti nilometer.
Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti nilometer chii, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.
kurima munguva dzakare
Uku kuvimba nemvura yekurima nhasi hakusi nyore kunzwisiswa nevaya vanogara mumaguta makuru kure nemaitiro ekurima, asi kuEgypt, imwe yeakanyanya kukosha budiriro yekare, rwizi rwaNire rwakanga rwuri tsime roupenyu. Kutaura zvazviri, vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanoti rwizi urwu rwakagadzira Farao mukuru weEgypt. Zvakanga zvakakosha kuti mumaguta akawanda vakaisa mamita emvura yerwizi, inonzi nilometers. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakave michina yekutanga kuyera kunyura nekuyerera kwenzizi.
Chii chinonzi nilometer
Nilometer yaimbove kamuri ine makoramu akapedza kudzidza aishandiswa kuyera kudzika kwemvura yerwizi uye, tichiziva mwero wakasvika, zvaibvira kufanotaura apo mafashamo aizoitika. Zviyero izvi zvinobva kudzinza rekutanga reEjipita pasi paMambo Gyr. Zvimwe zviri nyore, uye panzvimbo pembiru, zvavanoita kuveza zviratidzo zvekuyera pamadziro ekamuri, sezvavanoita nenzou. Ivo vari kumahombekombe eNairi, saka vanogashira kuyerera, uye ndicho chiyero chakapihwa. Ichi chiyero chakareruka chakashandiswa kunzwisisa kukosha kwemafashama, paimbova nemanera ekugamuchira mhepo.
Chivako chinogonawo kuvakwa kuti chizvidzivirire, chine pamusoro chakatenderera kana piramidhi pamusoro (chikamu chakaita sepiramidhi chiri pamusoro pechivako), kunyangwe chakazoshanduka kuita zvimiro zvakaomarara.
Kubhiti uye nilometer
Vanyori vazhinji vanofunga mafashamo emakubhiti gumi nemana kusvika kugumi nematanhatu seyero yakakwana.. Kune rekodhi, nhamba dzepamusoro dzinoreva kuparadzwa, nepo nhamba dzakaderera dzichitungamira kunzara. Pliny Mukuru akatsanangura 16 "makubhiti erombo" sezvinotevera:
… apo mukwidza waisvika pamakubhiti gumi nemaviri chete (anenge mamita makumi maviri), paizova nenzara; mugumi nematatu zvinenge zvichireva kushomeka; gumi nemana rinounza mufaro; gumi neshanu kuchengeteka uye gumi nematanhatu kuwanda mufaro kana mafaro. Pamusoro peiyo nhamba yakanga iri njodzi nokuti yaireva mafashamo makuru aigona kuparadza zvirimwa, dzimba, huswa ... (Kugadzirisa mutsara waPliny).
Inogona kukwira kubva pamakubhiti gumi nerimwe kusvika gumi nematanhatu (IA IB ΙΓ ΙΔ ΙΕ ΙҀ muchiGiriki). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Nairi ndiyo imwe yenzizi dzakarebesa pasi rose (kupfuura 11 km), saka kuyerera kuri pedyo nepainogashira mafashamo kwakakura kudarika kuyerera kwakayerwa pamuromo waro, pane nzvimbo yemvura. mita yaNero inogona kuyerwa pakati pe16 ne6.600. Kuyera kwakakodzera kunoitwa panhanhatu yemakubhiti 14. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoti inogona kunge iri muMemphis, iyo yakagara iri guta guru reumambo hwaFarao.
MuEjipitori, vangangove vaive vadiki semamita gumi nemashanu padyo nerwizi mubhedha munguva yepharaonic.. Kune anototakurika, seaya aMambo Theodosius. Chimwe chezvichangobva kuwanikwa chiri mumatongo eguta rekare reIjipita reTomis muNile Delta, uye matongo eEgypt neAmerica akarifukunura anotenda kuti chimiro chayo chakavakwa muzana ramakore rechitatu BC. C. Yakashandiswa kwemakore angangoita 1000. Itsime rakaumbwa nematanho akatevedzana anodzika pasi. Inovakwa nematombo makuru eraimu uye inosvika pakureba kwemamita 2,40.
Gare gare kushandiswa
Kunyange zvazvo chakanga chiri kugadzirwa kweEgypt, chakashandiswa nevekare vakadai semaGiriki, vaRoma, uye gare gare dzimwe nyika dzeMediterranean. MuEgypt, mukutonga kweMuslim, yakakurumbira zvikuru yaiva Cairo 1, yaishandiswa kusvikira muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Yakadzika mamita 9,5, saka yakabatana nerwizi kuburikidza nemugero. Pakati payo pane mbiru inoshandiswa kuyera mafashamo. Anenge makumi maviri akawanikwa kusvika zvino, akadzorerwa kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana eNear East.
MuEgypt yakare, mita yaNero chaive chishandiso chaishandiswa kunzwisisa mafambiro enzizi, nenzira iyi zvaigoneka kuziva kuti rwizi rwaNire rwaizofashukira sei.Ingangobva kune yakapfava ine nhevedzano yemavara pamatombo aigezeswa pamvura. mubhedha kana makoramu ane chaiwo mamark ezvimwe zvivakwa zvakaoma zvakavakwa nekuda kwechinangwa ichi.
Kuratidzwa kwaro nekufamba kwenguva kunoratidzika kunge kune chekuita nebudiriro, saka nilometer inowanikwa mumifananidzo, zvivezwa, mari, uye zvinyorwa, kunyange zvazvo mienzaniso iyoyo yekuvaka yekare ichiri mishoma uye iri pakati.
Nile River Cycles
Mafashamo, anonzi -ajet- mumutauro weEgypt wekare, yaive imwe yemwaka mitatu umo vaEgipita vekare vaikamura gore.
Mvura yeNairi muElephantine iri pasi pemamita matanhatu, izvo zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo zhinji haigoni kurimwa, zvichiita kuti munyika yose muve nenzara. Mvura yakadarika mamita masere yakakonzera kufashamira kwemisha, kuparadzwa kwedzimba uye kuita kuti migero yemadiridziro isashande.
Zhizha roga roga, mvura inonaya mumakomo eEthiopiya inokonzera kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwehuwandu hwemvura inoyerera ichipinda muNairi ichibva kune inoyerera. Pakati paJune naSeptember, Rwizi rwaNire rwakafashukira kumahombekombe arwo muEgipita, ruchifashamira mapani akapoteredza. Mvura painoserera muna September kana kuti October, inoisa dhaka revhu rakapfuma rinobatsira kuorera kwevhu rinorimika.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nilometer uye maitiro ayo.