El Gungwa Maracaibo Ndiyo mumiriri mukuru wedunhu reZulia, riri kumadokero kweVenezuela, dziva hombe muLatin America uye rimwe remadziva makuru pasi rose. Iine maitiro anoshamisa uye kukosha, saka zvakakosha kuziva nezvazvo.
Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze nezve hunhu, geology, maruva nemhuka dzeLake Maracaibo.
Mhando huru
Nyanza yeMaracaibo ine nhevedzano yehunhu hunoisiyanisa kubva kune mamwe madziva ari munyika, uye pamwe mupfungwa iyi chimiro chayo chikuru ndechekuti ndiro chete dziva rine hukama nenyanza. Kunyanya kuchamhembe kwayo, masaisai emugungwa anoitika mumvura ine brackish, kunyange zvazvo inogamuchira kubuda kwemvura yakachena.
Kushanyira hunhu hweLake Maracaibo, isu tinogona kusimbisa zvinotevera mapoinzi:
- Inowanikwa mumatunhu matatu enharaunda yeVenezuela: Zulia, Trujillo naMerida.
- Inoonekwa semihombe yakavharirwa mvura yemunyu.
- Iyo ine inofungidzirwa nzvimbo ye13.820 square kilometers, kudzika kwemamita 46, kukwirira kwemamita matatu uye mhenderekedzo yegungwa yemakiromita 3.
- Munguva yekunaya kwemvura, dhamu racho rine kuwedzera kukuru kwemakiromita zana negumi, kureba kwemakiromita zana nemakumi matanhatu uye kudzika kwemamita makumi mashanu.
- Ndiro dziva guru muLatin America uye rine makore angangoita 36.
- Inosangana neGulf yeVenezuela kuburikidza nenharaunda nhete yemakiromita makumi mashanu neshanu.
- Inodyiswa nenzizi dzinoverengeka, iyo huru pane iyo Catatumbo, iyo inokwira muColombia, asi inewo materesi anotevera: Chama, Escalante, Santa Ana, Apon, Motatan, Palmar, etc.
- Iine matura emafuta akakosha mumabheseni ayo uye yakachera matsime anopfuura zviuru gumi nezvishanu kubvira 15.000.
- Pane chiono chakanaka mudhamu iri, chinonzi Catatumbo Mheni, umo kurova kwemheni kunosvika 1.176.000 XNUMX XNUMX pagore uye kunokosha mukuzadzazve ozone layer yose yePasi (inozivikanwa seCoquivacoa nevaaborigines).
Mamiriro ekunze eLake Maracaibo
Mamiriro ekunze ari munharaunda yakapoteredza Lake Maracaibo ane mwando womunzvimbo dzinopisa, sezvo mvura yaro yakawanda ichiita kuti tembiricha ikwire, saka dhamu racho, pamwe chete neguta racho zvaro, zvinodziya.
Nguva yezhizha ipfupi, inopisa zvikuru uye ine makore, asi nguva yechando yakareba, kunyange zvazvo kupisa kunochengetwa nedenga rine makore. Kazhinji, tembiricha inosiyana zvishoma mugore rose pakati pe28°C ne40°C.
Chimwe chinhu chine chokuita nemamiriro ekunze ndicho chinoitika kumaodzanyemba kweLake Maracaibo, takatotaura nezvemheni yeCatatumbo, iyo inozviratidza semheni inodokuva inopfuurira inodonha, sechiratidziro chikuru chinovhenekera denga reguta.
Kwakatangira chokwadi ichi kunobva pakuti gore rinokura richidzika uye inoburitsa nhevedzano yezvinobuda zvinoonekwa pakati pe1 uye 4 km kureba. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekunyorova kwepamusoro pamusoro peLake Maracaibo, yakasanganiswa nemhepo yakatevedzana uye kukwidziridzwa kwedhamu rakadzika maererano nemakomo akapoterera, anoenderana neSierra de Perijá neSierra de Perijá Cordillera de Merida.
Chinhu chinonakidza pamusoro pekunaya kwemvura muLake Maracaibo ndechekuti chikamu chekumaodzanyemba chinogamuchira mvura yakawanda kupfuura yekuchamhembe kwebheseni. Kune chikamu chayo, mhepo dzekutengeserana dzinofamba pamusoro pemvura kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero-kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero.
Geology yeLake Maracaibo
Kutanga neiyo geology yeLake Maracaibo, tinoona kuti yaive chikamu chemupata weRift wakaumbwa panguva yeJurassic, kunyanya panguva yeMesozoic Era apo Nyika yakararama makore anopfuura mamirioni zana nemakumi mana nemashanu apfuura. Dziva, iro rinotora chimiro cheyakareba tectonic rift kana crater, yakabva pakuparadzaniswa kwePangea, izita rakapihwa Nyika apo Nyika yaive kondinendi huru uye yakakamurwa nekufamba kwetectonic plates
Mushure meizvi, dziva rinopfuura nematanho akasiyana-siyana ekuumbwa kwehukuru hwakasiyana, huchive chikamu chegungwa kana kuratidzika sekuoma. Asi yanga iri mumhando yemadziva emvura yakachena kubva muPliocene, 2,59 miriyoni makore apfuura. Basin yeLake Maracaibo inoratidzwa nezvikanganiso zvitatu zve geological: Oka-Ancón, Bocono neSanta Marta, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nzvimbo inoonekwa seine njodzi yekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Maererano neiyo geology, gungwa rakaberekerwa muMiocene anenge mamiriyoni mashanu emakore apfuura, nekuonekwa kwemhuka dzakashanduka, uye munguva inotevera ye geological yakava kuora mwoyo kwemazuva ano, kunozivikanwa zviri nani seLake Po reMabhiza. Inotsanangurwa nenzizi dzose dzinoyerera mairi. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo ezasi delta yegungwa, kusangana kwenzizi dzakadai seEscalante, Santa Ana uye Catatumbo.
Iyo inozivikanwa seLake Maracaibo Depression igomba retectonic rinodzika zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo Sierra de Perijá uye Andes inosimuka.
Tsvagiridzo dzinoverengeka dzakaitwa munzvimbo yepasi umo kuora mwoyo kunoitika, sezvo ichi ichionekwa sechiitiko chinoitika munzvimbo shoma dzepasi, kune rumwe rutivi inonyura uye kune imwe iyo ine hombe sosi yehupfumi muVenezuela, kunze kwekubatana neGungwa reCaribbean.
Flora nemhuka
Zvinotendwa kuti mvura yeLake Maracaibo ine oxygen yakakwana, ndosaka yakapfuma mualgae uye nekudaro muhove. Inopa hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana hwemaruva nemhuka.
Taxidermy yegungwa inosanganisira: alligators, herons, shrimp, iguanas, blue crabs, catfish, pelicans, groupers, bocachicos, red mullets, yellow croakers, dzimwe curassows uye kunyange dolphin. Kune mamwe marudzi anogara aripo egungwa, seLamontichthys maracaibero, hove mumhuri yeLoricariidae inoda mvura ine okisijeni yakawanda kuti irarame.
Pakati pezvipenyu zvinoumba maruva edhamu racho pane miti mizhinji yekokonati, kunyange zvazvo kune mamwe marudzi emiti kumahombekombe, akadai seapamate, cují yaque, vera nemamwe marudzi echinyakare, akadai seneem, iyo zvinosanganiswa nechinangwa chekudzikisa kunenge kutonhora kwepamusoro kwegore rose sezvo zvinoda mvura shoma uye kutarisirwa, apo ichipa mumvuri wakawanda.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezveLake Maracaibo uye maitiro ayo.