mafashamo enyika yose

Munhoroondo yose, zvakanzi pane a mafashamo epasi rose izvo zvakakonzera mafashamo makuru pasi rose. Icho chiitiko chekunaya kwemvura zhinji uye isingamisikike iyo, pasina chero rudzi rwekuzorora, yakaguma yazara nemafashama mazhinji epasi. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda vanopanikira kuvapo kwamafashamo echisiko chose, kubatanidza masayendisiti.

Nechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kukuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve mafashama epasi rose, kana raivepo chaizvo uye kuti hunhu hwayo nemhedzisiro yaive yei.

mafashamo enyika yose

Zita reMafashamo eNyika Yese rinoedza kuunganidza, kazhinji, chokwadi chine chekuita nemamiriro emvura inonzi inoenderera ichikonzera kuti Mafashamo ePasi rose abvise vanhu paPasi, kunze kwevashoma vakasarudzwa.

Munhu chete nemhuri yake nenhevedzano yemhuka vanoponeswa pakutsamwa kwamwari mumwe kana kupfuura. Munyaya zhinji iri pamusoro pokutsiva kwavamwari nokuda kwezvakaipa zvavanhu pamberi pomutemo woumwari (woumambo kana kuti wouprista). Vamwe vamwari, demi-vamwari, kana magamba vakataura nevanhu vakasarudzwa nezve hurongwa hwavo hwekuponesa vanhu. Kana chitendero chiri chekuda Mwari mumwe chete, mwari mumwe chete iye anoranga vanhu ndiye anoponesa vanhu nokuda kwavanhu vaakasarudza. Muchidimbu, aya ndiwo mafashama eIndo-European.

Kune tsika dzekuMadokero, ngano dzemubhaibheri (kana kuti chokwadi kuvanhu vekutenda) inotaura kuti Mwari akaranga sei vanhu mubhuku raGenesi. Kusazvibata kwomunhu kwakaita kuti Mwari arange vanhu nokuzadza pasi rose. Vakasarudzwa vaiva Noa nemhuri yake. Panyaya iyi, Mwari ndiye “murangi” uye “muponesi” wevanhu. Noa akasarudzwa kuti apfuudzire marudzi ndokuva muvambi worudzi kana kuti rudzi.

Ngano dzemuBhaibheri dzinobva kune imwe nzvimbo iri kure, kure: vaBhabhironi. Kare, vanamwari vevazhinji vaitonga nekutonga "Fertile Crescent", kusanganisira zvikamu zveMesopotamia, Siria neTurkey, vakagadzira uye vakawedzera pfungwa yemafashama epasi rose munhetembo yaGilgamesh nemhando dzayo. Munhetembo iyi, vamwari vakaranga vanhu, asi muridzi wemumwe mwari muduku akaponesa vanhu.

Nepo ngano zhinji dzingava nehwaro hwenhau, kuvapo kweMafashamo kunoita kuti kuve kwakaomera vanhu vazvino uno kufungidzira chiri chapose pose kana kuti chepasi rose nhasi. Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kana kuti rechi XNUMX BC, denga rakanga riri ivhu rinozivikanwa uye rakaganhurirwa zvikuru maererano nemikana yekuongorora.

Nhema dzechiGiriki dzeMafashamo eNyika Yose

Mungano dzechiGiriki, vamwari vakasika marudzi mashanu avanhu, wokupedzisira ari akaipisisa naakaipisisa. Zeus (mwari mukuru weOlympus), akadyiswa nouipi hwavanhu, akasarudza kugadzira mafashamo anotyisa uye anozoguma avapedza. Panguva iyoyo, Zeus ndiye aiva mwari ainyanya kukosha muboka rechiGiriki.

Prometheus aive Titan ane hushamwari kune vanhu vanoremekedzwa nekuba moto kubva kuna vamwari uye kuupa kuvanhu kuti vashandise. Prometheus akarangwa naZeus nekuda kweizvi. Asi Prometheus akaita zvakawanda kuvanhu, ndiye aiva muponesi wevanhu: akaudza mwanakomana wake Deucalion nemudzimai wake Pyrrhus kuti vaironga mafashamo uye kuparadza vanhu. Prometheus akaudza mwanakomana wake Deucalion kuti avake chikepe chikuru kana chiduku, uye vaiva nezvose zvavaida kuti vazvidzivirire kubva kumafashamo makuru. Saka vakapona.

Ngano inotaura kuti mafashamo akakonzerwa nemhepo yaibva kuOstrow (kumaodzanyemba): "Ostrow chete ndiyo yakasunungurwa, uye yakatakura mvura yakananga kunyika." Pakupera kwamafashamo makuru, pashure pamazuva mapfumbamwe nousiku hupfumbamwe, apo nyika yakapwa uye gungwa rakanyura mugungwa, areka yaDeucalion yakamhara paGomo reParnassus, apo nzvimbo yeshoko ramwarikadzi Themis yakanga iri.

Deucalion naPyrrha vakapinda mutemberi kuti vataurire zvavanofanira kuita kuti vazadzezve nyika, uye mwarikadzi akangoti kwavari: “Tendeuka urase mapfupa a'amai vako'”. Deucalion nemudzimai wake vakafungidzira kuti chirevo chaireva dombo (mwarikadzi Gia). Nenzira iyi, dombo rakakandwa naDeucalion rakashanduka kuita murume, uye dombo rakakandwa naPyrrha rakashanduka rikava mukadzi. Nenzira iyi, rudzi rutsva uye rutsva rwevanhu rwakagadzirwa nevanhu vaviri. Wokutanga weava, Helen, akabereka vaGiriki.

Ngano dzechiGiriki dzakafanana zvikuru nedzimwe ngano dzakapoteredza: Zeus akanga ari mwari wechirango uyo aida kuparadza vanhu, rudzi rwomunhu rwakachinja uipi nokusateerera mitemo yavanamwari, mumwe mwari kana kuti demigod akamuudza nezveurongwa hwaZeus kune akasarudzwa, Iye. uye mhuri yake kuvaka areka uye Zeus anobudisa chirango chiitiko umo kuramba uye mvura zhinji ari protagonist, vanonunurwa uye anotarisira kuvaka jenareta anokosha dzinza uye vakasarudzwa vanhu kutangazve vanhu.

Zvakanga zviripo here?

Vatsvakurudzi vakawana nyaya dzinosvika 500 dzeMafashamo Makuru kubva kune dzinenge tsika dzose, ruzivo runotsigirwa nemazuva ano geological uye archeological data, pamwe chete nenhoroondo dzebhaibheri. Pakati pavo, inoratidzika mutsika dzakabatana neTiahuanaco, Bolivia, zvichida guta rekare kupfuura mamwe ose munyika, uko kune zviratidzo zvemafashamo makuru, chiitiko icho vamwe vanochera matongo vanodavira kuti chakafanana nechiitiko chinozivikanwa se "Mafashamo Epasi rose"; zvakare mune dzimwe tsika dzepamberi peColumbian, dzakadai seMesoamerican Toltecs yevaMayans, mumabhuku avo anoyera, akadai saPopol Vuh naChilam Balam, kana maAztec.

Mugamuchidzanwa rechiGiriki, Zeus anonzi akaona vanhu vachizvitutumadza kwazvo zvokuti akawana ichi chimiro chendangariro chisingagamuchiriki ndokuparira mafashamo makuru; kuvonga kuna Promovio, Decalion, mudzimai wake Pirra, vana vavo uye dzimwe mhuka dzepanyika dzakapona, kusanganisira nguruve, mabhiza, shumba nenyoka, uye utiziro hwavo hwaiva bhokisi guru, ravaifamba naro pamvura kwemazuva mapfumbamwe neusiku hupfumbamwe zvichifashukira kubva mugungwa. pasi negungwa. Kune tsika dzakafanana muIndia, dzakashandurwa nezvinhu zvetsika dzavo., asi kuchengeta zvinhu zvinokosha zveMafashamo makuru noruponeso rwenenji rwevashomanana. MuAustralia, Persia, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweTanzania, Japan, uye dzimwe tsika dzine pesvedzero yapasi rose.

nzanga yesainzi inotaura njodzi huru yepasirese yaivepo makore 9.000 kusvika 12.000 apfuura iyo yaizopedza budiriro huru paPasi. uye yaizoramba iri mundangariro dzakabatana dzavanhu vasingaverengeki se“boporodzi repasi rose”. Nyaya umo fungidziro yesainzi inosanganiswa netsika dzakasiyana dzechitendero, umo masangana akakosha, kunyangwe imwe neimwe yadzo ichivanza zvayo zvetsika.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve mafashama epasi rose uye maitiro ayo.