Sezvatakaona muchinyorwa pamusoro zvidimbu zvemukati mePasi, kune mana epasi epasi masisitimu: Denga, iyo biosphere, iyo hydrosphere uye geosphere. Mukati meiyo geosphere isu tinowana akasiyana matete ayo nyika yedu inoumbwa. Mwana wevanhu akaedza kudzamisa nenzira dzekushandisa kuti akwanise kudzidza izvo zviri pasi petsoka dzedu. Zvisinei, isu takangokwanisa kupinda makiromita mashoma. Yeapuro, isu takangobvarura ganda rayo rakaonda.

Kuti tikwanise kudzidza zvimwe zvese zvemukati mePasi tinofanira kushandisa nzira dzisiri pachena. Nenzira iyi, zvave zvichikwanisika kusvika pamhando mbiri dzinotsanangura kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvePasi zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwezvinhu uye nemasimba anotevera. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine static modhi umo matanda ePasi anoumbwa ne: Goko, jasi uye musimboti. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine iyo inesimba modhi iyo matanda ePasi ari: Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere uye endosphere.

Static modhi

Tichiongorora iyo static modhi zvishoma, tinoona kuti pasi kukamurwa kwakakamurwa kuita kondinendi yakakura uye kugungwa kwegungwa. Iyo kondinendi crust inochengetera zvinhu zvemhando dzakasiyana kuumbwa uye zera, uye iyo oceanic kukanda ingangoita zvakanyanya kufanana uye diki.

Isu zvakare tine yepasi mantle iyo yakawanda yakawanda yunifomu mavari convection mazaya. Uye pakupedzisira musimboti wePasi, wakaumbwa nesimbi uye nickel uye inoratidzirwa nekukwirira kwayo uye tembiricha.

Dynamic modhi

Tiri kuzotarisa pane yakasimba modhi. Sezvatakambotaura, zvinoenderana neyakasimba modhi matanda ePasi ari lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere uye endosphere. Nhasi tichataura zvakadzama nezve lithosphere.

Lithosphere

Iyo lithosphere inoumbwa neicho chingave chiri mune iyo static modhi kutenderera kwePasi uye jasi rekunze rePasi. Chimiro chayo chakasimba uye chine ukobvu hunosvika zana km. Inozivikanwa nezve kuomarara kwayo pakadzika kwakadaro nekuti kumhanyisa kwemasaisai echisimba anogara achiwedzera sekuita kwekudzika.

Mune lithosphere, tembiricha uye kumanikidza kusvika pamitengo iyo inobvumira matombo kuti anyungudike pane dzimwe nzvimbo.

Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekukura kune iyo lithosphere, tinoisiyanisa mumhando mbiri:

• Continental lithosphere: Ndiyo lithosphere iyo inoumbwa necontinent crust uye nechokunze chikamu chejasi repasi. Mariri makondinendi, masisitimu emakomo, nezvimwe. Ukobvu hwacho hunongoita makiromita zana nemakumi maviri uye ndewezera rekare rejogirauri sezvo kuine matombo ayo anopfuura makore mazana matatu nemazana masere.
• Oceanic lithosphere: Iyo inoumbwa neyegungwa gungwa uye jasi rekunze repasi. Ivo vanogadzira pasi pegungwa uye vakaonda kupfuura iyo kondinendi lithosphere. Ukobvu hwayo i65 km. Iyo inoumbwa kazhinji yemabasalts uye mairi mune mahombekombe egungwa. Aya ndiwo mitsara yemakomo pazasi pegungwa umo ukobvu hunongova makiromita manomwe chete.

Iyo lithosphere inogara pane iyo asthenosphere iyo ine iyo yakasara yeiyo yepasi yekunze jasi. Iyo lithosphere yakakamurwa kuita akasiyana lithospheric kana tectonic mahwendefa anofamba achienderera mberi.

Dzidziso ye Continental Drift

Kusvikira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, zviitiko zvepanyika zvakaita semakomo anoputika, kudengenyeka kwenyika uye zvakapetwa zvaive chokwadi chakange chisina tsananguro. Pakanga pasina nzira yekutsanangura chimiro chemakondinendi, kuumbwa kwematanho nemakomo, nezvimwe. Kubva muna 1910 nekuda kweGeologist yeGerman Alfred wegener, iyo yakakurudzira iyo dzidziso ye Continental Drift, zvaive zvichikwanisika kupa tsananguro uye nekugona kurondedzera zvese izvi pfungwa nemifungo.

Dzidziso iyi yakakurudzirwa muna 1912 ikatambirwa muna 1915. Wegener akafungidzira kuti makondinendi ari kufamba achitevedzera bvunzo dzakasiyana.

• Geological bvunzo. Iwo aive akavakirwa pakabatana pakati peiyo geological zvimiro kumativi ese maviri eAtlantic Ocean. Ndokunge, mune chimiro chemakondinendi chinoita senge chakabatana pamwechete kubvira zvavakange vari pamwe chete. Pangea yakadanwa kunzi kondinendi yepasi rose iyo yaimbove yakabatana uye yaive imba kune ese marudzi emiti nemhuka pasi.

• Paleontological humbowo. Aya bvunzo akaongorora kuvepo kweakasarudzika marara maruva nemhuka munzvimbo dzemakondinendi izvo parizvino zvakaparadzaniswa nemakungwa.

• Paleoclimatic humbowo. Aya maedzo akaongorora nzvimbo yematombo aiburitsa mamiriro ekunze akasiyana nenzvimbo yavanogara parizvino.

Pakutanga, iyi nzira yekukwira makondinendi yakarambwa nenzanga yesainzi sezvo yakashaya nzira iyo kufamba kwemakondinendi kwakatsanangurwa. Isimba ripi rakatamisa makondinendi? Wegener akaedza kutsanangura izvi nekutaura kuti makondinendi aifamba nemusiyano muhuwandu uye kuti makondinendi, asina kunyanyisa, akatsvedza kunge kapeti pasi peimwe kamuri. Izvi zvakarambwa nehombe kukakavara simba zviripo.

Plate tectonics dzidziso

Dzidziso yePlate Tectonics yakarongedzwa pamwe chete neese data mu1968 nenzanga yesainzi. Mariri iyo lithosphere ndiyo yepamusoro yakaoma chikamu chePasi (kutakura uye jasi rekunze) uye rakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zvinodaidzwa mahwendefa izvo zviri kufamba. Zvidimbu zvinoshanduka muhukuru uye chimiro uye zvinogona kutonyangarika. Makondinendi ari pamahwendefa aya uye anofambiswa ne convection mafungu ehembe dzePasi. Mipendero yeplate ndipo panofamba kufamba kwenyika uye masisitimu egeological. Iyo yekupedzisira muganho weplate unopisa. Iko kubonderana kwemahwendefa kunogadzira zvakapetwa, kukanganisa uye kudengenyeka kwenyika. Kutsanangura kufamba kwemahwendefa, mafambiro akasiyana akataurwa. Sezvo mahwendefa paanofamba, panogona kuve nemhando nhatu dzekunetseka mumiganhu iri pakati padzo, iyo inotangira matatu akasiyana marudzi emipendero.

• Kuparadzanisa micheto kana miganho yekuvaka: Idzo ndidzo nzvimbo mune kusagadzikana kwekutemerwa kunowanzo kupatsanura mahwendefa. Iyo nharaunda yemiganhu yekuvaka ndiwo makomo egungwa. Pasi pegungwa panowedzera pakati pe5 kusvika 20 cm pagore uye pane kupisa kwemukati mukati. Seismic chiitiko chinoitika pakadzika kwema 70 km.
• Kutendeuka mativi kana miganho inokuvadza: Izvo zvinoitika pakati pemahwendefa akatarisana neanomanikidza masimba. Iyo yakatetepa uye denser ndiro inonyudza pasi peimwe uye inopinda jasi. Idzo dzinodaidzwa dzinonzi dzinotora nzvimbo. Somugumisiro weizvi, orogens uye arches echitsuwa anoumbwa. Kune akatiwandei marudzi eanotendeuka macheto zvichienderana nebasa remahwendefa:
  • Kukwikwidzana pakati penyanza uye kondinendi lithosphere: Ndiro ye Oceanic ndiyo inokurira pasi pekondinendi. Kana izvi zvikaitika, kuumbwa kwegoronga remugungwa kunoitika, chiitiko chakakura chekuzunguzika, chiitiko chakakisa chekupisa uye kuumbwa kwemaketani matsva orogenic.
  • Kukwikwidzana pakati penyanza uye yegungwa lithosphere: Kana izvi zvikaitika, goronga regungwa uye pasi pemvura chiitiko chemakomo chinogadzirwa.
  • Kurangana pakati penyika uye kondinendi lithosphere: Izvi zvinokonzeresa kuvharwa kwegungwa rakavaparadzanisa uye kuumbwa kweakakura orogenic makomo. Nenzira iyi maHimalaya akaumbwa.

• Asina kwazvakarerekera micheto kana shear kushungurudzika: Idzo inzvimbo umo hukama huripo pakati pemahwendefa maviri hunoitika nekuda kwekushushikana kwesheya nekuda kwekutama kwekufamba pakati pavo. Naizvozvo kana lithosphere haina kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa. Kushandura zvikanganiso zvinoenderana neshear kushungurudzika uko mahwendefa anofamba achienda kwakapesana uye kugadzira makuru akateedzana ekudengenyeka kwenyika.

Kune simba rekutyaira rakakonzerwa nekupisa kwakachengetwa mukati mePasi. Simba remafuta rinobva pakuchenesa kwakadaro rinoshandurwa kuita simba remuchina nema convection currents muhembe. Iyo jasi ine kugona kuyerera nekumhanya kunonoka (1 cm / gore). Ndokusaka kufamba kwemakondinendi kusingakoshese pamwero wevanhu.

Mahwendefa eLithospheric paPasi

Ndiro yeEurasia

Dunhu kumabvazuva kweAtlantic Ridge. Iyo inovhara peafloor yekumabvazuva kweAtlantic Ridge, Europe uye mazhinji eAsia kusvika kuzvitsuwa zveJapan. Munharaunda yayo yegungwa ine dhiraidhi inosangana neplate yeNorth America, uku kumaodzanyemba inowirirana neplate yeAfrica (semhedzisiro, Alps yakaumbwa), uye kumabvazuva nePacific nePhilippines mahwendefa. Iyi nharaunda, nekuda kwekuita kwayo kukuru, iri chikamu chePacific mhete yemoto.

Makokonati uye maCaribbean Plates

Aya maviri madiki mahwendefa egungwa ari pakati peNorth America neSouth America.

Runyararo ndiro

Iyo ndiro hombe yemakungwa inosangana nevamwe vasere. Miganhu inoparadza iri pamahombekombe ayo anogadzira ringi rePacific remoto.

Indica ndiro

Inosanganisira India, New Zealand, Australia, uye inoenderana chikamu chegungwa. Kubondana kwayo neplate yeEurasia kwakaburitsa kusimuka kweHimalaya.

Antarctic ndiro

Hwendefa hombe inoumba miganhu yakatsaukana yainosangana nayo.

South American ndiro

Hwendefa hombe ine muganhu wekushandura mudunhu rayo rekumadokero, zvakanyanya kudengenyeka uye nekuputika.

Nazca ndiro

Oceanic. Kubondana kwayo neplate yeSouth America kwakatangira maAndes.

Philippine Plate

Iyo yegungwa uye yeimwe ye diki kwazvo.Iyo yakakomberedzwa nemiganhu inosangana, inosangana nemafungu ekudzikisira, ine migero yegungwa uye maberere ezvitsuwa.

North America ndiro

Munharaunda yaro yekumadokero inosangana nePacific plate. Iyo inowirirana neyakakurumbira San Andrés mhosva (California), mhosva inoshandura iyo inoonekwawo sechikamu chebhandi remoto.

African ndiro

Yakavhenganiswa ndiro. Mumuganhu wayo wekumadokero kuwedzera kwegungwa kunoitika. In kuchamhembe yakaumba iyo Mediterranean neAlps nekurovera neplasia ndiro. Mariri mune kuvhurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwekupaza kunogovanisa Africa muzvikamu zviviri.

Arabhu ndiro

Ndiro diki kumucheto wekumadokero kweiyo nyowani nyanza, iyo Gungwa Dzvuku, iri kuvhura.