Kana tichidana zita reKrakatoa tiri kureva chitsuwa chinoputika chiri muSunda Strait yedunhu reLampung, pakati peJava neSumatra, Indonesia. Kunyangwe ichidaidzwa Krakatoa volcano, yechitsuwa ichi yaive nemakoni matatu anoputika. Yakave yakakurumbira nedambudziko rakakomba rakakonzera muna 3 apo kuputika kwemakomo kwakaparadza chitsuwa chose ndokukanganisa matunhu epedyo.
Muchinyorwa chino tichaudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezvekwakatangira, kuumbwa uye hunhu hwegomo reKrakakatoa.
Mhando huru
Indonesia inyika ine makomo anoputika zvakanyanya nekuti ine makomo anoputika anosvika zana nemakumi matatu, kupfuura chero nyika ipi zvayo pasi pano. Naizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti vagari vapupurire kuputika uye kuputika kwakasiyana kwekusimba. Iyo Krakatoa volcano ndeye stratovolcano, iyo inoumbwa nemabota, dota, pumice, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvepiroclastic.
Chitsuwa chine makiromita mapfumbamwe pakureba, makiromita mashanu paupamhi uye chine nzvimbo ingangoita makumi maviri nemasere emakiromita. Lakata kumaodzanyemba iri 9-5 metres pamusoro pegungwa; Pebu Atan kuchamhembe ndeye 28 metres pamusoro pegungwa uye Danan pakati iri 813-820 metres pamusoro pegungwa.
Sezvo Krakatoa iri stratovolcano uye iyi mhando yegomo rinoputika inowanzo kuwanika pamusoro penzvimbo dzenzvimbo, iri papuratifomu yeEurasian uye ndiro yeIndo-Australia. Iyo subduction zone ndiyo poindi iyo gungwa regungwa rinoparadzwa nekuti convection currents inosangana ipapo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, imwe tectonic ndiro inonyura pasi peimwe.
Pamberi pekuputika kwemakomo muna 1883, Krakatoa aive chikamu cheboka diki rezvitsuwa zviri pedyo: Lang, Venlaten, uye Poolsche Hoed islet, pamwe nezvimwe zviwi zvidiki. Izvi zvese zvisaririra zvemakomo akapfuura makuru akaputika, akaitika imwe nguva mu prehistoric nguva uye akagadzira 7 kilometre refu crater kana kushushikana pakati pavo. Zvisaririra zvemakomo anoputika ekare zvakatanga kuumbana, uye mushure memakore mazhinji, nekuda kwechiitiko chematareti etekoni, makoni akabatana kuita Krakatoa Island.
Krakatoa kuputika kwegomo
Iyo Krakatoa volcano inozivikanwa seimwe yemakomo anoparadza zvakanyanya pane zvinyorwa. Muchokwadi, makomo akaputika akaturikidzana anoonekwa nekuputika kwekuputika nekuti mabota avo ane huwandu hwakawanda hwesinous andesite uye dacite, izvo zvinoita kuti zvioneke uye zvinokonzeresa gasi kumanikidza kusvika kumatunhu akakwirira.
Iko hakuna chinyorwa chakajeka chekare kwazvo kuputika kwemakomo. Muna 416 d. C., izvi zvakataurwa muchinyorwa "Pararaton kana Bhuku reMadzimambo" pane nhoroondo yemadzimambo eEast Java. C. Kune kuputika kusati kwasimbiswa munhoroondo. Zvichida, muna AD 535. C. Kuputika uku kwakaitika pamusoro pemwedzi yakati wandei, izvo zvakakanganisa zvikuru mamiriro ekunze eNorth Hemisphere.
Zvinotaridza kuti pakave nekuputika kaviri muna 1681, kwakaonekwa nekunyorwa mumadhiariari evatyairi vekuDutch John W. Vogel naElias Hesse. Mumakore akatevera, chiitiko chekuputika chakange chakakomba, asi chakazodzikira uye chikaita sechisina njodzi kuvanhu. Kunyangwe mukutanga kwema1880, gomo reKrakatoa raionekwa serakatsakatika nekuti kuputika kukuru kwekupedzisira kwakaitika muna 1681. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu aya akange ave kuda kuchinja.
Musi waMay 20, 1883, Perbuatan akatanga kuburitsa guruva nedota. Mangwanani iwayo, kaputeni wechikepe cheGerman Elizabeth akataura yakaona makore anenge 9-11 makiromita kumusoro pachitsuwa chisina vanhu cheKrakatoa. Pakati paJune, iyo Perbuatan crater yakapotsa yaparadzwa. Basa racho harina kumira, asi muna Nyamavhuvhu rakawana mwero wedambudziko.
Kuma 1 masikati nemusi weSvondo, Nyamavhuvhu 26, Krakatoa yakasangana nekutanga kwayo kuputika kukuru, sezvo kuputika kwekunzwa kwakagadzira gore remarara iroYakakwira makiromita makumi maviri nemashanu pamusoro pechitsuwa ichi ndokupararira kuchamhembe kudzamara yasvika angangoita 25 makiromita pakureba. Zvakaipisisa zvakaitika zuva raitevera: nekuda kwekumanikidza, kwakaitika zvakaputika zvina mangwanani, izvo zvakapotsa zvaputisa chiwi. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 4, kwakaitika kuputika kumwe kwakaparadza chose chitsuwa.
Ruzha rwakaburitswa rwunofungidzirwa senge ruzha rukuru munhoroondo uye rwakatyora eardrum dzevanhu vepedyo nenzvimbo. Ruzha urwu rwakanzwika makiromita angangosvika mazana matatu negumi kubva kuPerth, Western Australia neMauritius. Nekuda kwekuputika kwechisimba, tsunami yakaitika, mafungu akasvika pakukwirira kwemamita makumi mana uye akatamira kumahombekombe ekumadokero eSumatra, West Java uye zviwi zviri pedyo nekumhanya angangoita chiuru chemakiromita zana nemakumi maviri neawa. Vakafa vakapfuura zviuru makumi matatu nezvitanhatu.
Iyo guruva uye gasi rakaburitswa neiyo Krakatoa volcano muna 1883 yakaramba iri muchadenga kweanosvika makore matatu. Volcano yakanyangarika uye pakagadzirwa crater nyowani, uye pakazosvika 3 nzvimbo iyi payakatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekuputika kwegomo. Chitsuwa chitsva chekuputika chakaonekwa mu1927 uye chakazonzi Anak Krakatoa (mwanakomana waKrakatoa). Chitsuwa ichi chinokura nekufamba kwemakore.
Mamiriro ekunze, maruva nemhuka
Chitsuwa chine tembiricha inodziya uye ine hunyoro ine tembiricha iri pakati pe26 ° uye 27 ° Celsius. Kuputika kukuru kwakabvisa hupenyu hwese munzvimbo iyi uye kwakazoonekwazve muna 1927 segomo reAnak Krakatoa. Asi pane zvese, pane makumi mana ezviuru zvezvirimwa muIndonesia, kusanganisira zviuru zvitatu zvemiti uye zviuru zvishanu zvemaruva. Nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kwenzvimbo iyi dzinotungamirwa nehuswa hwemvura inonaya, uye nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba dzakazara nemangrove uye nipa mapama.
Iyo mhuka inoumbwa nemarudzi kubva kunzvimbo dzinopisa dze Africa neAmerica, asi chiwi chimwe nechimwe chine marudzi akasiyana. Orangutan inogona kungoonekwa muSumatra neBorneo; ingwe muSumatra neJava, bison uye nzou muJava neBorneo, chete tapir uye siamang muSumatra.
Sezvauri kuona, kune makomo anoputika akanyatso kuratidza kare uye shure munhoroondo. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Krakatoa volcano nehunhu hwayo.