Mipata ye glacier, inozivikanwawo semipata yechando, inoreva mipata inotenderedza mazaya echando akakura kana kuti kamwe akatenderedzwa, achisiya maumbirwo echando akajeka. A glacier valley Izvo zvakakosha zvakanyanya kune biodiversity ye ecosystems uye ecological balance.
Nechikonzero ichi, isu tichakuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve glacial mupata, maitiro ayo geomorphology.
Chii chinonzi glacial valley
Mipata ine glacial, inowanzonziwo glacial troughs, ndiyo mipata iyo yatinogona kuwana kuti yakasiya maitiro ekuyamura akajairika emazaya echando.
Muchidimbu, mipata yechando yakaita semazaya echando. Mipata yeglacial inoumbwa apo yakawanda yechando inoungana mu glacial cirques. Mazaya echando anobva muzvikamu zvezasi anozopedzisira aenda kuzasi kwemupata, uko anozopedzisira ave dhamu.
Imwe yemhando huru yemipata yeglacial ndeyekuti ine trough-shaped cross section, ndosaka ichinziwo glacial troughs. Ichi chimiro ndicho chinhu chikuru chinobvumira vanodzidza nezve geologist kusiyanisa marudzi aya emipata apo mazaya echando anotsvedza kana kumbotsvedza. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvemipata yechando ndeyekupfeka kwavo uye kuchera zvakanyanya, kunokonzerwa nekukwesha kwechando uye kukweva kwezvinhu.
Mazaya echando ekare paPasi aiisa zvinhu zvakanga zvambokukurwa neaizi. Zvinhu izvi zvakasiyana kwazvo, uye zvinowanzoita zvakasiyana mhando dzemoraines, dzakadai sepasi moraines, side moraines, tumbling moraines, uye zvakatonyanya kuipa, pakati peiyo yakakurumbira glacial lake inowanzoumbwa. Mienzaniso yekupedzisira ndiyo madziva echando atinogona kuwana kumucheto kweEuropean Alps (inonzi Como, Mayor, Garda, Geneva, Constanta, nezvimwewo) kana mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri pakati peSweden nedzimwe dzakawanda.
Dynamics yemupata weglacial
Nezvekukoromoka kwemazaya echando, zvakakosha kutaura kuti mazaya echando anokukurisa zvakanyanya uye anogona kuita semabhandi ekutakurisa zvinhu zvemasaizi ese akapihwa nemateru, achiatakura kuenda kumipata.
Uyewo, kune yakawanda yakawanda ye meltwater mu glacier, iyo inogona kutenderera nekumhanya kukuru mumigero mukati me glacier, inotakura zvinhu zviri pasi pemvura yechando, uye idzi subglacial currents dzinoshanda zvikuru. Izvo zvinotakura zvinogadzira abrasion, uye matombo ari mukati mechando chechando anogona kupwanywa kuita musanganiswa wakanaka wesilt uye glacier ivhu reupfu.
Maglaciers anogona kushanda nenzira huru nhatu uye ndeaya: glacial kutanga, abrasion, thrust.
Mukucherwa kwematombo akatyoka, simba rerukova rweaizi runogona kufamba nekusimudza zvidimbu zvakakura zvematombo akatsemuka. Muchokwadi, iyo longitudinal chimiro cheiyo glacier mubhedha haina kurongeka, iine nzvimbo dzinowedzera uye kudzika muchimiro chezvimedu zvinonzi madhiri kana zvidyiro, izvo zvakadzika nekuwedzeredza-kuchera kwedombo risingacherwa uye rinoramba. Nzvimbo yacho inobva yatetepa yobva yanzi chikumbaridzo.
Muchikamu chemuchinjiko, mapuratifomu anoumbwa mumatombo akasimba anodzika pahumwe hurefu, anonzi mapendekete emafudzi. Kupwanya kunosanganisira kukuya, kukweshwa, uye kukuya matombo ematombo anotakurwa nechando. Izvi zvinogadzira scratches uye grooves. Pakukwenenzverwa, ndizvo zvinhu zvakanakisa, sejecha padombo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, nekuda kweabrasion, matombo anopwanywa, achigadzira ivhu nevhu, inozivikanwa seaizi powder nekuda kwehukuru hwayo hwezviyo, iyo iri mumvura yakanyunguduka uye ine chitarisiko chemukaka wakapfava.
Nekusundidzira, chando chechando chinotakura nekusundira chakananga kwacho zvinhu zvinoora izvo zvinopwanya nekushandura sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro.
mafomu ekukukurwa
Pakati pavo vanozivikanwa sekisi, tarn, mirwi, nyanga, mutsipa. Paunenge uchifananidzira mipata yeglacial, inowanzogara mumipata yakagara iripo, iyo inowedzera uye yakadzika muU-shape.
Mune iyo yakajairwa longitudinal mbiri yemupata we glacial, mabheseni akati sandara uye mawedzero anoteerana, achigadzira maketani emadziva anogamuchira zita revabereki vedu kana mabheseni azara nemvura.
Kwavari, The Hanging Valley mupata wekare unoyerera weazaya makuru. Anotsanangurwa nokuti kukukurwa kweaizi kunotsamira pakukora kweaizi, uye mazaya echando anogona kudzika mipata yawo asi kwete mazambuko awo.
Fjords inoumba apo mvura yegungwa inopinda mumipata ine glacial, yakadai seya muChile, Norway, Greenland, Labrador, uye maodzanyemba fjords muAlaska. Vanowanzobatanidzwa nezvikanganiso uye lithological kusiyana. Vanosvika pakadzika dzika, senge Messier chiteshi muChile, iyo Yakadzika mamita 1228. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekucherwa kwakanyanya kwekukukurwa kweaizi pasi pegungwa.
Glaciation inogonawo kutevedzera matombo anoumba matombo akafanana nemakwai, ayo akatsetseka, akatenderedzwa akafanana neboka remakwai anotariswa kubva kumusoro. Iwo anosiyana muhukuru kubva pamita imwe kusvika kumakumi emamita uye anoenderana nenzira yekuyerera kwechando. Rutivi rwechitubu chechando chine chimiro chakatsetseka nekuda kwekuita kwekugaya, nepo rimwe divi rine angular uye zvisina kujairika profiles nekuda kwekubviswa kwedombo.
Mafomu ekuunganidza
Mazaya echando akadzikira kubva pazera rekupedzisira rechando, makore angangoita 18.000 XNUMX apfuura, achiratidza kusununguka kwakagarwa nhaka pamwe chete nezvikamu zvese zvavaigara munguva yekupedzisira yechando.
Glacial deposits madhipoziti anoumbwa nezvinhu zvakaiswa zvakananga nechando chechando, pasina chimiro chakamisikidzwa uye zvidimbu zvine mitsetse. Kubva pakuona kwekukura kwezviyo, zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva paupfu hwechando kusvika kune zvisingagadzikane zvakatakurwa makiromita 500 kubva munharaunda yavo yekubva, zvakadai sezvinowanikwa muCentral Park muNew York; muChile, muSan Alfonso, mudhirowa reMaipo. Kana madhipoziti aya asangana, anoumba tillites.
Izwi rokuti moraine rinoshandiswa kumhando dzakawanda dzinosanganisira makomo. Kune akati wandei emhando dzemoraines nezvikomo zvirefu zvinonzi madrumlins. Iyo yepamberi moraine murwi uri kumberi kwechando chinovaka muarc apo glacier inoramba yakagadzikana munzvimbo imwe kwemakore kana makumi emakore. Kana kuyerera pamusoro pechando kukaramba kuchienderera mberi, madhaka acharamba achiungana paichi chipingamupinyi. Kana mazaya echando akaserera, mutsetse wemoraine unyoro unyoro, unonzi basal moraine, unoiswa, sezvakaita munzvimbo dzine mvura dzeGreat Lakes kuUnited States. Kune rumwe rutivi, kana chando chacho chikaramba chichidzokera shure, kumucheto kwaro kunogona kugadzikana zvakare, kuumba moraine inodzokera shure.
Lateral moraines yakafanana neyemipata yechando yechando uye inotakura sediment kumucheto kwemupata, ichiisa mirwi yakareba. A central moraine mafomu apo maviri lateral moraines anosangana, sepakusangana kwemipata miviri.
Madhiramu akatsetseka, akatetepa akaenzana zvikomo anoumbwa nemoraine deposits akaiswa pasi necontinental glaciers. Vanogona kusvika mamita makumi mashanu uye kureba kwekiromita, asi akawanda maduku. MuOntario, Canada, anowanikwa muminda ine mazana emadhiramu. Chekupedzisira, mafomu anoumbwa neakamisikidzwa zvimedu zveglacial senge kame, kame terraces uye eskers anoonekwa.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve glacial valley uye maitiro ayo.