Sezvaunogona kutarisira, sezvo paine chikero chekuyera madutu nekudengenyeka kwenyika, kune zvakare chiyero chekuyera kusimba kwedutu. Chiyero ichi chinozivikanwa se Fujita chikero. Chiyero chinomiririra iwo mazinga ekusimba uye kugona kukonzera kukuvara kubva kumatutu.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza zvese hunhu uye kukosha kweiyo Fujita chikero.
Chii chinonzi chamupupuri
Chekutanga pane zvese, isu tinofanirwa kuziva kuti chii chamupupuri uye kuti chii chimiro chadzo. Chamupupuri imhepo inovhuvhuta inoita neak angular velocity. Iwo magumo echamupupuri ari pakati pamusoro pePasi uye cumulonimbus gore. Icho cyclonic yemuchadenga chiitiko chine huwandu hwesimba, kunyangwe vachiwanzo gara kwenguva pfupi.
Madutu anoumbwa anogona kuve nemhando dzakasiyana uye maumbirwo uye iyo nguva yavanogara yekupedzisira pakati pemasekondi mashoma uye inopfuura awa. Iyo inozivikanwa kwazvo tornado morphology ndeye faneli gore, ane magumo matete anobata pasi uye anowanzo kukomberedzwa negore riri kudhonzera guruva nemarara akakomberedza.
Nhanho inogona kusvika madutu ari pakati 65 uye 180 km / h uye inogona kuva 75 metres paupamhi. Tornadoes haigare yakamira kwavanogadzira, asi kuti famba uchiyambuka ndima. Vanowanzo famba kusvika kumakiromita akati wandei vasati vanyangarika.
Yakanyanya kunyanyisa inogona kuva nemhepo nekumhanyisa dzinogona kutenderera pa450 km / h kana kupfuura, kuyera kusvika 2 km yakafara uye ramba uchibata pasi kweanopfuura zana km.
Fujita chikero
Kana tangoziva kuti chii chamupupuri, tinoona kuti chiyero cheFujita chinoshandiswa kufungidzira kusimba kwedutu. Chiyero icho chinokonzeresa kusaruranisa chamupupuri zvichienderana nekuomarara zvichienderana nekukuvara kwavanogona kukonzera. Ichi chiyero chakagadzirwa muna 1971 nemuongorori weNorth America Tetsuya Theodore Fujita, nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ekunze akabatana naAllan Pearson, iyo Center for Storm Prediction (kufungidzira kwedutu) muUnited States. Yakabva yagamuchirwa nesainzi uye mamiriro ekunze.
Chiyero cheFujita chinoedza kusimbisa simba remhepo uye kugona kukonzera kukuvara. Ngatione kuti ndeapi mapoinzi akasiyana ayo dutu rechimvuramabwe rine:
- Simba remhepo F0: Icho chikamu chechikero chinotsanangura kuvepo kwekumhanya kwemhepo pakati pe60-120km / h. Pano kukuvara kunoonekwa iko kutyora kwematavi, kushomeka kwemasaini emigwagwa, dzakakombama antenna dzeterevhizheni, etc. Iwo madiki kukuvara ayo haakonzeri matambudziko akakomba.
- Simba remhepo F1: Idzo mhepo dzine mwero dzichimhanya pakati pe120-180 km / h. Kukonzera kukuvara senge kuputsa mataira epasi, matera akapidiguka, mota dzakaparara, nezvimwe.
- Simba remhepo F2: Iyi ndiyo mhepo inomhanya pakati pe180 ne250 km / h. Nekumhanyisa kwemhepo uku, tinoona kuti kukuvara kunoitika kuputsika kwemadziro uye matenga ezvivakwa.
- Simba remhepo F3: ndiko kusimba kunotora mhepo nekumhanya pakati pe250 ne330 km / h. Nemhepo inomhanya iyi, tinoona kuti pane kukuvara kunogona kucherechedzwa, sekukoromoka kwakazara kwemadziro uye matenga edzimba, masango akatemwa zvachose, nezvimwe. Muzviitiko izvi, tinogona kuona madziro uye matenga edzimba achibhururuka nekuda kwekumhanya kukuru kwemhepo.
- Simba remhepo F4: Inoenderana nemhepo inomhanya pakati pe330 kusvika 420 km / h. Pano tinoona zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwakakomba senge zvivakwa zvisina hwaro uye mota dzakapidigurwa zvachose. Iko kusimba kweaya mablair chamupupuri anonetsekana nekuti anotora hupenyu hwevanhu.
- Simba remhepo F5: inowirirana nemhepo dzakanyanya kunyanyisa nemitengo iri pakati pe420 kusvika 510 km / h Iko kukuvadza kunokonzerwa kwakaparadzwa zvachose zvivakwa, zvitima zvakasiya misha, nezvimwe. Ndiyo yepamusoro soro pachiyero cheFujita uye inoshungurudza zvakanyanya.
Mativi eiyo Fujita chikero
Zvimwe zvinhu zveiyi chamupupuri chiyero chinofanirwa kutariswa, senge icho hachiteerere hunhu hwekuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvakakanganiswa Izvo mushure mechinhu chakakosha chekutarisa nekuti kune zvivakwa zvakawanda zvine yakaderera sezvo zviri zvekare kana zvakavakwa nezvinhu zvakachipa. Muzviitiko izvi, kusimba kwedutu hakugone kuyerwa sekushanda kwesimba rekuparadza nehumwe huchokwadi.
Kune zvakawanda zvidzidzo zvakaratidza izvozvo iyo Fujita chikero overestimates mhepo yekumhanyisa zvikamu 3, F4 uye F5. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mhando yezvinhu zvakavakirwa zvivakwa panguva dzedutu hazviteedzerwe. Naizvozvo, pane yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yechiyero ichi chakagadzirwa neUS National Weather Service muna 2006 uye ikozvino yakavakirwa pamatanho makumi maviri nemasere ekukuvara, tichifunga mhando dzedzimba kana zvivakwa Iyo Inosimudzirwa Fujita Scale kana EF (Enhance Fujita) chiyero cheyero chesimba rematutu nekuda kwekukuvara kwakakonzerwa. Yakave ichishandiswa muUnited States kubva muzhizha ra28.
Yakagadziriswa chiyero
Ngatione kuti ndeapi mapoinzi akasiyana anoongororwa mune yakakwidziridzwa Fujita chiyero:
- EF0 : Zvikamu zvakabviswa padenga (mataira, mataira), magata, chimney uye zvakakanganiswa mativi.
- EF1 : Matenga edenga abviswa zvachose, ekunze madhoo abviswa, mahwindo akaputswa
- EF2 - Matenga akafuridzirwa padzimba dzakasimba, dzimba dzakaparadzwa zvachose, miti mikuru yakaputswa kana kudzurwa.
- EF3: Pasi peimba dzakasimba dzakaparadzwa, kupidigura zvitima, kuhukura miti, kusimudza mota.
- EF4 : dzimba dzakavakwa zvakanaka uye mota dzakapeputswa, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanduka kuita zvombo zvinokandwa.
- EF5: Dzimba dzakasimba dzakakukurwa uye zvinhu zviyero zvemota zvinosvetwa mumhepo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro peiyo Fujita chikero uye nehunhu hwayo.