Esitoniya inyika iri mudunhu reBaltic kuchamhembe kweEurope. Yakaganhurana kuchamhembe neGulf yeFinland, kumadokero neGungwa reBaltic, kumaodzanyemba neLatvia uye kumabvazuva neLake Peipsi uye Russian Federation. Iyo ine yakasarudzika mamiriro ekunze, geology uye kusiyana, saka zvakakodzera kudzidza zvakadzama.
Naizvozvo, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezveEstonia, maitiro ayo, zvipenyu uye biology.
Mhando huru
Estonia inobata nzvimbo ye45.227 square kilometers (17.462 square miles) uye inokanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze akapfava. MaEstonian chiFinnish uye mutauro wepamutemo chete wechiEstonian une hukama hwepedyo nechiFinnish.
Estonia ine huwandu hwevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 1,34 uye ndeimwe yedzimwe nhengo dzeEuropean Union dzine vanhu vashoma, Eurozone neNATO. Estonian GDP per capita ndiyo yepamusoro-soro munyika dzese dzaimbove chikamu cheSoviet Union. Estonia inorondedzerwa sehupfumi hwepamusoro-soro neWorld Bank uye nhengo ine mari yakawanda yeOECD. United Nations inonyora Estonia senyika yakasimukira ine yakakwira kwazvo Human Development Index.
Estonian Climate
Estonia iri kuchamhembe kwe nzvimbo ine mwero uye nharaunda yekuchinja pakati pekondinendi nemakungwa ekunze. Nekuti Estonia (uye yese yekuchamhembe kweEurope) inogara ichipiswa nemhepo yemugungwa inobatwa nekupisa kweNorth Atlantic, ine mamiriro ekunze akapfava kunyangwe iri munzvimbo yekuchamhembe. Gungwa reBaltic rinokonzera misiyano yemamiriro ekunze pakati penzvimbo dziri mumahombekombe uye dziri mukati menyika. Estonia ine mwaka ina dzenguva dzinenge dzakaenzana kureba. Avhareji tembiricha inotangira pa16,3 ° C (61,3 ° F) muzvitsuwa zveGungwa reBaltic kusvika 18,1 ° C (64,6 ° F) mukati menyika, Chikunguru uri mwedzi unopisa zvakanyanya uye -3,5 ° C (25,7 ° F) pazvitsuwa zveBaltic Sea. . 7,6 ° C (18,3 ° F) mukati, Kukadzi, mwedzi unotonhora zvakanyanya.
Avhareji tembiricha pagore muEstonia i5.2 ° C. Kukadzi ndiwo mwedzi unotonhora zvikuru wegore, neavhareji tembiricha ye -5,7 ° C. Chikunguru unoonekwa semwedzi unopisa kwazvo wegore, neavhareji tembiricha ye16,4 ° C.
Mamiriro ekunze anokanganiswawo neAtlantic Ocean, mafungu eNorth Atlantic Ocean, uye Icelandic Minima. Iceland inzvimbo inozivikanwa nekuumbwa kwedutu, uye avhareji yemhepo yemhepo yakaderera pane yenzvimbo dzakavakidzana. Estonia iri munzvimbo ine mwando uye kunaya kwakakura kudarika kunyungudika kwese. Avhareji yekunaya kwemvura kubva muna 1961 kusvika 1990 yaive 535 kusvika 727 mm (21,1 kusvika 28,6 mm) pagore. iyo yakasimba muzhizha. Huwandu hwemazuva ekunaya kwemvura pagore huri pakati pe102 ne127, iine yakanyanya avhareji yekunaya kwemvura kumadokero kwemateru eSaqqara neHanja Highlands. Chifukidziro chechando kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEstonia chakadzika uye chinowanzogara kubva pakati paZvita kusvika pakupera kwaKurume.
Indasitiri uye zvakatipoteredza
Pasinei nekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa muEstonia, nyika iyi ichiri kupa zvakasiyana-siyana zvechipiri zviwanikwa. Nyika ine mafuta akawanda, shale, uye limestone, uye masango anofukidza 50,6% yenyika. Kuwedzera kune shale uye lime oiri, Estonia ine zvakare nhamba yakakura yeasina kuvandudzwa kana akakudziridzwa akachengetwa ePR, asphalt amphibole uye granite.
Huwandu hwakakura hweasingawanzo pasi oxides akawanikwa mumaswe akaunganidzwa mukati memakore makumi mashanu ekushandiswa kweSillamäe uranium, shale uye loparite. Sezvo mutengo wepasi isingawanzoitiki wakakwira, kubviswa kweaya okisidhi kwave kusimba mune zveupfumi. Parizvino, nyika inotumira kunze kwenyika dzinosvika zviuru zvitatu zvematani pagore, izvo zvinomiririra 50% yekugadzirwa kwenyika.
Maindasitiri ezvekudya, ekuvaka uye emagetsi ndeimwe yemapazi akakosha eindasitiri yeEstonia. Muna 2007, indasitiri yekuvaka yakapinza vashandi vanopfuura 80,000 XNUMX, iyo inomiririra inenge 12% yevashandi venyika. Imwe yakakosha maindasitiri chikamu chemachina uye makemikari maindasitiri, anowanikwa zvakanyanya muIda-Viru County uye padyo neTallinn.
Indasitiri yemafuta uye shale migodhi yakatarisanawo kumabvazuva neEstonia, ichigadzira anenge makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emagetsi emunyika. Mafuta eShale anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, asi zvakare anokonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kune zvakatipoteredza. Kunyangwe huwandu hwezvinosvibisa zvakabuditswa mumhepo hwanga huchidzikira kubva kuma1980s, sulfur dioxide inogadzirwa nekukurumidza kusimukira kweindasitiri yezvicherwa muSoviet Union muma1950s ichiri kusvibisa mweya.
Estonia inyika inoenderana nesimba uye kugadzirwa kwayo. Makambani mazhinji emuno neekunze ange achiisa mari mukugadzira magetsi emagetsi. Kukosha kwesimba remhepo kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma muEstonia. Yese yekugadzirwa kwesimba remhepo iri pedyo ne60 MW. Panguva imwecheteyo, mapurojekiti aripo parizvino ane kukosha kwe399 MW. uye mapurojekiti ane anopfuura 2.800 MW ari kuvakwa. Zvinokurudzirwa zvakaitwa munzvimbo yePeipus Lake uye nzvimbo yegungwa yeHiiumaa.
Mwaka wegore muEstonia
Nguva yechando yeEstonia inotonhora zvikuru: kunyangwe masikati, tembiricha inoramba iri pasi pechando kwenguva yakareba. Avhareji tembiricha muna Ndira naKukadzi inosvika pakati -1 ° C pamhenderekedzo yezvitsuwa zviviri zvikuru (Hiuma neSaaremaa) pasi kusvika -3,5 ° C pamhenderekedzo yeTallinn uye kumhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe uye -4 ° C pamhenderekedzo. Kumirira. MuGulf yeRiga, inodonha kusvika -5 ° C mukati mekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva.
Muchirimo, zuva rinorebesa uye tembiricha inokwira zvishoma nezvishoma; Thaw inowanzoitika mukutanga kwaApril, asi kunyange pakati pekupera kwaApril uye kutanga kwaMay, kutonhora nechando zvinogona kudzoka kamwe kamwe. Kubvumbi mwedzi unoshanduka zvakanyanya, saka kutonhora kwekunze kunogona kutanga kuoneka muhafu yechipiri yemwedzi. Kubva pakati paMay, kutonhora kunowanzogamuchirwa.
Zhizha muEstonia mwaka unofadza, tembiricha yepamusoro inoshanduka kutenderera 20/22 madhigirii, zvinoreva kuti tembiricha haina kukwirira, asi yakakodzera kufamba uye mabasa ekunze. Husiku hunotonhorera, huine hushoma tembiricha ye12/13 madhigirii (kusvika 15 ° C kumahombekombe ekumadokero).
Zhizha rinonaya zvikuru sezvo mvura inonaya paavhareji chetatu chezuva, asi hazvibviri kuona zuva. Kudonha inguva yegrey uye yekunaya kwemvura. Kana tembiricha munaGunyana ichiri kugamuchirwa, ichatonhora nokukurumidza zvokuti sinou yokutanga inogona kuwira mukupera kwaOctober. Kuenzaniswa nechirimo, matsutso akasviba nekuda kwemazuva mapfupi, musiyano uyu unoonekwa kwese kwese, asi unonyanya kutaurwa munyika dzeNordic.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve Estonia uye mamiriro ekunze.