Tese takaona mepu yemarongedzero uko kune akacherechedzwa meridians. Kune vanhu vakawanda vasingazivi zvakanaka chii chinonzi meridians. Meridians uye parallel mitsara miviri yekufungidzira iyo nyika inowanzo rongwa nenzvimbo. Nadzo, hurongwa hwekubatanidza hunotangwa hunobvumira nzvimbo chaiyo yenzvimbo ipi neipi pasi pano zvichienderana nelatitude uye longitude.
Muchikamu chino tinokuudza kuti meridians chii, maitiro avo uye kukosha kwawo.
chii chinonzi meridians
Kunyanya, meridian ndiyo mutsara wakatwasuka watinogona kupatsanura Nyika kuita zvikamu zvakaenzana. Dzese dzinotangira kuNorth Pole dzopararira kuMaodzanyemba (uye neimwe nzira). Mitsetse yakafanana, kune rumwe rutivi, ndiyo mitsetse yakafanana yakachinjika. Mutsetse unofambirana 0 ndiwo mutsetse. Dzokorora zvimwe zvakafanana nekudhirowa madenderedzwa madiki kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwehemispheres. Kubatanidzwa kwemaseti maviri emitsara kunoumba grid.
Mhando dzose dziri mbiri dzemitsara dzine painongedzerwa kubva panogona kuverengerwa mitsetse yelongitudo nelatitude, uchishandisa sexagesimal (inotaridzwa seizvi: madhigirii°, maminitsi, nemasekonzi):
- Meridians. Zvinopimwa pachiyero chekona imwe neimwe (1°), kutangira painodanwa kuti 0° meridian kana kuti Greenwich meridian, nzvimbo chaiyoiyo mhiri kweLondon kwaimbova neRoyal Greenwich Observatory. Kubva ipapo, mameridians anogona kutariswa kumabvazuva kana kumadokero, zvichienderana nekwaanotarisa maererano neiyo axis, uye pasi rakakamurwa kuita 360 zvikamu kana "gajos".
- Kufanana. Dzinopimwa kubva kuequator, tichitarisa makona adzinoita maererano neakiso yeNyika yekutenderera: 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° ne75°, ose ari kuNorthern hemisphere (eg, 30 °N) , zvakadai sokumaodzanyemba (30° S).
Applications
Iko kushandiswa kweiyo system inova:
- Time zone system, yakatemwa naMeridian. Parizvino, chimiro cheGMT (Greenwich Mean Time, “Greenwich Mean Time”) chinoshandiswa kumiririra nguva munzvimbo ipi neipi yepasi, kuwedzera kana kubvisa maawa maererano nemeridian inotonga nyika imwe neimwe. Semuenzaniso, nguva yeArgentina iGMT-3, ukuwo nguva yePakistan iri GMT+5.
- Mamiriro ekunze epasi, inotemwa nemitsetse inofambirana. Pakati pezvinonzi zvishanu zvakafanana zvakafanana, ndezvi (kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba): Arctic Circle (66° 32' 30» N), Tropic of Cancer (23° 27' N), Equator (0°), Tropic of Cancer. (23 ° 27' S) neAntarctic Circle (66° 33' S), Nyika yakakamurwa kuita climatic kana geographical nharaunda dzenyeredzi, dzinoti: dzinopisa, nzvimbo mbiri dzakadzikama uye mbiri dzechando kana polar zoni. Imwe neimwe ine mamiriro ekunze akafanana nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yelatitudinal.
- Global coordinate system. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwematurusi enzvimbo seGPS (Global Positioning System, “Global Positioning System”).
Sezvatakaona munyaya yapfuura, gridi inomuka kubva mukubatanidzwa kwemeridians (longitudes) uye latitudes (latitudes). Iyo geographic coordinate system inosanganisira kumiririra kukosha kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo kubva panhamba yerekodhi yelatitude uye longitude mune sexagesimal.
Semuenzaniso, geographical coordinates yeMoscow i55° 45' 8" N (kureva, latitude yayo kuchamhembe kwehemisphere iri pakati pe55th ne56th parallels) uye 37° 36' 56" E (ndiko kuti, kureba kwayo) is iri pakati pekuenzanisa 37 uye 38 pakati pehondo). Nhasi, satellite yekumisikidza masisitimu akadai seGPS anoshanda nehurongwa.
Greenwich Meridian
Nzira yakanakisa yekuziva Greenwich Meridian ndeyekuenda kuLondon, akaberekerwa paRoyal Greenwich Observatory, kumaodzanyemba kweguta guru reBritain. Nzvimbo iyi haizivikanwi zvishoma, asi inzvimbo yakanaka yekuzorora yerwendo rwekuenda kuLondon mumazuva matatu. Iyo Royal Greenwich Observatory inzvimbo yereferensi yekunzwisisa kuti riini uye nei Greenwich Meridian inooneka.
Royal Greenwich Observatory yakaita chiratidziro pamusoro pekukosha kwenguva, kuti meridian yakagadzirwa sei, uye zvibvumirano zvakazotevera nenyika dzepasirese zvekumisikidza nguva. Zvakare, kubva kunzvimbo yepamusoro uko nzvimbo yekutarisisa iriko, iwe unogona kuona isina kujairika maonero eLondon (chero bedzi paine zuva rine zuva).
Greenwich meridian inoshandiswa kumaka nguva yakajairika. Iri igungano, uye zvakabvumiranwa muGreenwich, nekuti paWorld Conference yakaitwa muna 1884, yakanga yakatemwa kuva mavambo e zero meridian. Panguva iyoyo, Umambo hweBritain hwakanga huri munguva yahwo huru zvikuru yokuwedzera, uye hwaifanira kuita kudaro. Dai humambo panguva iyoyo hwaive hwakasiyana, nhasi taizotaura imwe nzvimbo, senge zero meridian. Kutanga kubva kuGreenwich meridian, iyo nguva yenguva inoshanda kune imwe neimwe nyika nedunhu yakamiswa.
Mamiriro ezvinhu munyika dzeEurope anoshamisa nekuti kune nzvimbo dzakati wandei mukondinendi yeEurope, asi maererano neDirective 2000/84, nyika dzinoumba European Union dzakasarudza kuchengetedza nguva imwe chete munzvimbo dzese dzekusimudzira zvematongerwo enyika nekutengeserana. . Tsika iyi yakashandiswa munyika dzakawanda kubva paHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, payaishandiswa senzira yekuchengetedza mafuta. Asi Greenwich meridian inogara ichishandiswa sereferensi.
Iyo nguva yekuchinja munguva yechando inoitika paSvondo yekupedzisira muna Gumiguru uye inosanganisira kufambisa wachi kumberi kweawa rimwe. Kune rimwe divi, iyo nguva inoshanduka muzhizha inoitika paSvondo yekupedzisira munaKurume, zvinoreva kuti kufambisa wachi kumberi kweawa rimwe.
Nzvimbo yekuzvarwa yeGreenwich meridian iLondon. Sezvatakambotaura, iyi meridian inobatanidza matanda ekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, nekudaro inotora nyika dzakawanda uye mapoinzi akawanda. Semuyenzaniso, iyo Greenwich meridian inopfuura nemuSpanish guta reCastello de la Plana. Chimwe chiratidzo chekupfuura kweMeridian chinowanikwa mu82.500 makiromita eAP-2 motaway muHuesca.
Asi, kutaura zvazviri, Meridiano inomhanya kupfuura angangoita ese ekumabvazuva kweSpain, kubva pakupinda kwayo muPyrenees kusvika pakubuda kwayo kuburikidza neiyo El Serrallo yekuchenesa muCastellón de la Plana.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve izvo meridians uye maitiro avo.