Geography ine matavi mazhinji akakosha anodzidza zvakasiyana zvepasi redu. Rimwe remapazi aya i cartography. Cartography ndiyo inotibatsira kugadzira mamepu atakajaira kutendeukira kuti tione nzvimbo. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii chinonzi cartography kana kuti kuranga uku kunotarisirei.
Naizvozvo, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve cartography uye maitiro ayo.
Chii chinonzi cartography
Cartography ibazi re geography iro rinobata nemifananidzo inomiririra yenzvimbo, kazhinji muzvikamu zviviri uye mune zvakajairwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, cartography inyanzvi nesainzi yekugadzira, kuongorora, kudzidza, uye kunzwisisa mepu dzemarudzi ese. Nekuwedzera, ndiyo zvakare seti iripo yemamepu uye magwaro akafanana.
Cartography isayenzi yekare uye yemazuva ano. Inoedza kuzadzisa chishuwo chemunhu chekuona kumiririra nzvimbo yepasi, iyo yakaoma nekuti ndiyo geoid.
Kuti iite izvi, sainzi yakatendeukira kuhurongwa hwekufungidzira hwaive hwakaitirwa kuita sechinhu chakaenzana pakati pebhora nendege. Nokudaro, akavaka chitarisiko chakaenzana che geographic contours yePasi, kusvibiswa kwayo, makona ayo, zvose zvinoenderana nehumwe chiyero uye chiyero chekutanga chekusarudza kuti zvinhu zvipi zvakakosha uye izvo zvisina.
Kukosha kwekugadzira mepu
Kudhirowa kwemapikicha kwakakosha nhasi. Izvo zvinodikanwa kune zvese zviitiko zvepasi rose, senge kutengeserana kwenyika uye intercontinental misa kufamba, nekuti zvinoda ruzivo rushoma rwekuti zvinhu zviripi munyika.
Sezvo hukuru hwePasi hwakakura zvekuti hazvibviri kufunga nezvayo sese, cartography isainzi inotibvumira kuwana fungidziro yepedyo inobvira.
mapazi emifananidzo
Cartography ine matavi maviri: general cartography uye thematic cartography.
- General cartography. Izvi zvinomiririra nyika dzemhando yakafara, kureva, kune vese vateereri uye nezvinangwa zveruzivo. Mamepu enyika, mepu dzenyika, ese mabasa erimwe dhipatimendi.
- Thematic cartography. Nekune rimwe divi, bazi iri rinotarisa kumiririra kwaro kwenzvimbo pane zvimwe zvinhu, misoro kana mirau chaiyo, yakadai sehupfumi, zvekurima, zvemauto, nezvimwe. Semuenzaniso, mepu yenyika yekukura kwemhunga inowira mukati mebazi iri remifananidzo.
Sezvatakambotaura pakutanga, kudhirowa kwemifananidzo kune basa rakakura: kutsanangura pasi redu zvakadzama nemadhigirii akasiyana echokwadi, chiyero uye nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvinorevawo kudzidza, kuenzanisa uye kutsoropodza kwemepu idzi uye zvinomiririra kuitira kukurukura kugona kwavo, kusasimba, kupokana uye kuvandudzwa kunobvira.
Mushure mezvose, hapana chakasikwa pamusoro pemepu: chinhu cheruzivo rwetekinoroji netsika, chidimbu chekukura kwevanhu kunobva murutivi rwenzira yatinofungidzira nayo pasi redu.
cartographic elements
Nekutaura kwakadzama, kudhirowa kwematuru kunovakira basa rayo rekumiririra pane seti yezvinhu uye pfungwa dzinoibvumira kuronga nemazvo izvo zvakasiyana zvemukati mepu zvinoenderana neimwe maonero uye chiyero. Izvi cartographic zvinhu ndezvi:
- Chiyero: Sezvo nyika yakakura kwazvo, kuimiririra nekuona, isu tinofanirwa kuyera zvinhu pasi nenzira yakajairwa kuchengetedza zviyero. Zvichienderana nechikero chinoshandiswa, nhambwe dzinowanzoyerwa mumakiromita dzichayerwa mumasendimita kana mamirimita, kuchimisa mwero wakaenzana.
- Kufanana Nyika inorongwa kuita mitsetse miviri, yekutanga seti iri mitsetse inofambirana. Kana pasi rikakamurwa kuva mativi maviri ehemisphere kutanga kubva kuequator, ipapo parallel ndiwo mutsetse unofambirana neakisi yokufungidzira yakachinjika, inokamura pasi kuva nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze, kutangira pamimwe mitsetse miviri inonzi tropics (Cancer neCapricorn).
- Meridians: Yechipiri seti yemitsara inopatsanura pasi rose negungano, meridians perpendicular kune yakafanana, ndiyo "axis" kana yepakati meridian ichipfuura nemuRoyal Greenwich Observatory (inozivikanwa se "zero meridian" kana "Greenwich meridian"). London, theoretically inopindirana neaxis yekutenderera kwePasi. Kubva ipapo, nyika yakapatsanurwa kuita hafu mbiri, yakakamurwa yega 30 ° nemeridian, ichipatsanura denderedzwa rePasi kuita nhevedzano yezvikamu.
- Coordinates: Nekujoinha latitudes uye meridians, iwe unowana gidhi uye yakarongeka sisitimu inobvumidza iwe kugovera latitude (yakatemerwa nelatitudes) uye longitude (yakatemerwa nemeridians) kune chero nzvimbo pasi. Kushandiswa kwedzidziso iyi mashandiro anoita GPS.
- cartographic zviratidzo: Mamepu aya ane mitauro yawo uye anogona kuona zvinhu zvinofarirwa zvichienderana nemakonisheni chaiwo. Saka, semuenzaniso, zvimwe zviratidzo zvinopihwa kumaguta, zvimwe kune misoro, zvimwe kune zviteshi uye airport, nezvimwe.
Dhijitari mifananidzo
Kubva pakatanga shanduko yedhijitari pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, masayendisiti mashoma akapukunyuka kukosha kwekushandisa komputa. Muchiitiko ichi, digital cartography ndiko kushandiswa kwemasatelliti uye kumiririra kwedhijitari pakugadzira mepu.
Saka iyo nzira yekare yekudhirowa nekudhinda pamapepa ikozvino inyaya yemuunganidzi uye yekare. Kunyange yanhasi mbozhanhare mbozha inokwanisa kuwana Indaneti uye nekudaro mepu dzedhijitari. Pane huwandu hukuru hweruzivo rwekudzoserwa rwunogona kuiswa, uye ivo vanogonawo kushanda vachipindirana.
social cartography
Mepu yemagariro inzira yakaunganidzwa yekutora mepu. Inotsvaga kutyora tsika nemagariro zvakasarudzika zvinoperekedza zvechinyakare katutu zvichibva pazvimiro zvepasirese, kukosha kwedunhu nemamwe maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika akafanana.
Saka, mepu yemagariro yakasimuka kubva papfungwa yekuti hapaigona kuve nekuita kwemepu pasina nharaunda, uye kuti mepu inofanira kuitwa yakachinjika sezvinobvira.
Nhoroondo yemifananidzo
Cartography yakazvarwa kubva pachishuwo chemunhu chekuongorora uye kutora njodzi, izvo zvakaitika kare kare munhoroondo: mepu dzekutanga munhoroondo dzakabva muna 6000 BC. c., kusanganisira mifananidzo kubva kuguta rekare reAnatolian reÇatal Hüyük. Kudiwa kwemepu zvichida kwakakonzerwa nokutangwa kwenzira dzokutengeserana uye zvirongwa zvehondo zvokukunda, sezvo pasina nyika yakanga ine nharaunda panguva iyoyo.
Mepu yekutanga yenyika, ndiko kuti, mepu yekutanga yenyika yose inozivikanwa neveMadokero kubva muzana ramakore rechipiri AD, ibasa raClaudius Ptolemy weRoma, pamwe kugutsa chishuwo chehushe hweRoma hunozvikudza hwekuganhurira hukuru hwahwo. miganhu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mukati meMiddle Ages. Arabic cartography ndiyo yakanyanya kusimukira pasi rose, uye China yakatangawo kubva muzana ramakore rechishanu AD Zvinofungidzirwa kuti anenge 1.100 mamepu enyika akapona kubva kuMiddle Ages.
Kuputika kwechokwadi kweWestern cartography kwakaitika nekuwedzera kwehumambo hwekutanga hweEurope pakati pezana ramakore regumi neshanu neregumi nenomwe. Pakutanga, vagadziri vemapepu vokuEurope vaikopa mepu dzekare ndokudzishandisa sehwaro hwezvavo, kutozosvikira pakugadzirwa kwekambasi, teresikopu, uye kuongorora kwakavaita kuti vashuve kuita zvakarurama zvikuru.
Saka, nyika yekare kwazvo yepasi, chekare chichiri kurarama chetatu-dimensional chiratidziro chekuona chenyika yanhasi, yakanyorwa muna 1492, ibhuku raMartín Behaim. United States (pasi pezita iroro) yakabatanidzwa muUnited States muna 1507, uye mepu yokutanga ine equator akapedza kudzidza yakaoneka muna 1527.
Panzira, rudzi rwekatographic faira rakachinja zvakanyanya mune zvakasikwa. Machati ari pauriri hwekutanga akagadzirwa nemaoko kuti afambe achishandisa nyeredzi sereferensi.
Asi vakakurumidza kubatwa nekuuya kwemichina mitsva yemifananidzo yakaita sekudhinda nekunyora. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kuuya kwemagetsi uye computing zvakachinja zvachose nzira iyo mamepu anogadzirwa. Satellite uye masisitimu ekumisikidza kwepasirese zvino anopa mifananidzo yakanyatsojeka yePasi kupfuura nakare kose.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve cartography uye maitiro ayo.