Chii chinonzi Antarctica

Antarctica ichagara ichizivikanwa sekondinendi ine chando. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi chii chinonzi Antarctica worikanganisa sedanda rokuchamhembe. Vanoivhiringa neNorth pole nekuti vane kuti ichando chose. Izvi hazvina kudaro. Antarctica ikondinendi yenyika yakafukidzwa nemazaya echando nekuda kwekugara kwakadzikama tembiricha gore rose.

Muchikamu chino tichakuudza kuti Antarctica chii, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.

Chii chinonzi Antarctica

Antarctica (kana kuti Antarctica mune dzimwe nyika) ndiyo kondinendi yechina pakukura pasi rose, pamwe chete nekondinendi yekumaodzanyemba (yekumaodzanyemba). Muchokwadi, nzvimbo yayo yenzvimbo iri kuSouth Pole yePasi. Nharaunda yaro inenge yakazara (98%) yakafukidzwa nechando kusvika 1,9 km mukobvu.

Sezvo isu tiri kutaura pamusoro penzvimbo inotonhora, yakaoma uye ine mhepo zvakanyanya paPasi, hupenyu hwakajairwa muAntarctica hunenge husingabviri, ndosaka husina vagari vemo. Inongogarwa chete neakasiyana ekutarisa ezvesainzi mishoni (anenge 1.000 kusvika 5.000 vanhu mukati megore rose) ine mabhesi mukati memiganhu yayo, kazhinji paAntarctic Plateau.

Mukuwedzera, ndiyo kondinendi ichangobva kuwanikwa. Yakatanga kucherechedzwa nomufambisi wengarava wokuSpain Gabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) muzhizha rokumaodzanyemba ra1603. Kusvikira pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1895, apo zvikepe zvokutanga zveNorway zvakamhara pamhenderekedzo yegungwa muna XNUMX.

Kune rimwe divi, zita rayo rinobva kunguva yekare: rakatanga kushandiswa nemuzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle (384-322 BC) makore akapoteredza 350 BC. c. MuMeteorology yake, akatumidza matunhu aya "akatarisana nekuchamhembe" (saka zita radzo kubva muchiGiriki antarktikós, "yakatarisana neNorth Pole").

Mhando huru

Antarctica ine zvinotevera maitiro:

• Nzvimbo yekondinendi yakakura kupfuura Oceania kana Europe, uye ndiyo kondinendi yechina pakukura pasirese, ine nzvimbo. inosvika 14 miriyoni mativi emakiromita, iyo chete 280.000 square kilometers isina ice muzhizha uye 17.968 square kilometers. makiromita kumahombekombe. .
• Boka guru rezvitsuwa rinoumba chikamu chenharaunda yaro, chikuru chiri Alexander I (49.070 km²), Berkner Island (43.873 km²), Thurston Island (15.700 km²), uye Cany Island (8.500 km²).
• Antarctica haina vagari vemo, haina nyika, uye haina matunhu, kunyangwe nyika nomwe dzakasiyana dzichizviti: New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, Great Britain, Argentina neChile.
• Nharaunda yeAntarctic inotongwa neChibvumirano cheAntarctic, chakashanda kubvira 1961, chinorambidza chero nzira yekuvapo kwemauto, kubviswa kwemaminerari, bhomba reatomu uye kuraswa kwezvinhu zvine radioactive, pamwe nemamwe matanho ekutsigira kutsvagisa kwesainzi uye kuchengetedzwa kweiyo ecoregion.
• Iyo ine yakawanda yepasi pemvura yakachena dhipoziti seOnyx (32 km kureba) kana Lake Vostok (14.000 km2 munharaunda). Uyezve, nzvimbo iyi ine 90% yechando chePasi, iyo ine 70% yemvura yakachena yepasi.

Nzvimbo uye mamiriro ekunze eAntarctica

Antarctica inzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwePasi, mukati menzvimbo yeAntarctic neAntarctic Circles, pazasi peAntarctic Convergence Zone, kureva, pazasi latitudes 55° uye 58° Maodzanyemba. Yakakomberedzwa nemakungwa eAntarctic neIndia, padyo nePacific neSouth Atlantic oceans, uye inongori makiromita 1.000 kubva kumaodzanyemba kumucheto kweSouth America (Ushuaia, Argentina).

Antarctica ine mamiriro ekunze anotonhora kupfuura mamwe makondinendi ese. Tembiricha yaro yakaderera yenguva dzese ndiyo yakaderera zvakarekodhwa pasi rose (-89,2 ° C), uye matunhu ayo ekumabvazuva anotonhora zvakanyanya kupfuura matunhu ekumadokero nekuti akakwira.

Kupisa hushoma hwepagore munguva yechando uye mukati mekondinendi inowanzotenderedza -80 ° C, nepo tembiricha yepamusoro yepagore munzvimbo dzezhizha nemahombekombe ari kutenderera 0°C. Pamusoro pezvo, ndiyo nzvimbo yakaoma paPasi uye mvura yemvura iri kushomeka. Nharaunda dzaro dzomukati dzine mhepo shomanene ine unyoro uye dzakaoma segwenga raoma nechando, nepo nzvimbo dzaro dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzine mhepo yakawanda uye ine simba, inofarira kunaya kwechando.

Relieve

Nhoroondo ye geological yeAntarctica yakatanga anenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu emakore apfuura nekuparara zvishoma nezvishoma kweGondwana supercontinent. Kune dzimwe nhanho dzehupenyu hwayo hwepakutanga, yakasangana nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe uye mamiriro ekunze anopisa kana anodziya nguva yechando yePleistocene isati yafukidza kondinendi uye yakaparadza maruva nemhuka dzayo.

Kumadokero kwekondinendi iyi kwakafanana nemakomo eAndes, asi zvinogoneka kuti kune humwe hupenyu munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemahombekombe. Kusiyana neizvi, dunhu rekumabvazuva rakakwirira kumusoro uye rinoratidza nzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo, inozivikanwa seAntarctic Plateau kana Geographic South Pole.

kukwirira uku inosvika makiromita anodarika chiuru kuenda kumabvazuva, neavhareji yakakwirira ye1.000 metres.. Nzvimbo yayo yepamusoro iDome A, 4093 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Antarctic mhuka dzesango

Zvisikwa zveAntarctica zviri kushomeka, kunyanya nezvemhuka dzepasi, dzinofarira zvitsuwa zvesubantarctic zvine mamiriro ekunze asina kuoma. Invertebrates senge tardigrades, inda, nematodes, krill uye akasiyana ma microorganisms anogona kuwanikwa mukondinendi.

Nzvimbo huru dzehupenyu munharaunda dzinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaderera uye dzemahombekombe, kusanganisira hupenyu hwemvura: blue whales, killer whales, squid kana pinnipeds (sezvisimbiso kana shumba dzegungwa). Kune zvakare akati wandei marudzi emapenguin, pakati pawo emperor penguin, king penguin uye rockhopper penguin inomira.

Nyika dziri muAntarctica

Vazhinji vakasaina kuAntarctic Treaty vane mabhesi ekutsvaga kwesainzi pakondinendi. Mamwe ndeechigarire, ane vashandi vanotenderera, uye mamwe ndeemwaka kana zhizha, apo tembiricha nemamiriro ekunze zvisina hutsinye. Huwandu hwemabhesi hunogona kusiyana gore negore, kukwanisa kusvika makumi mana mabhesi kubva kunyika makumi maviri dzakasiyana (40).

Zvizhinji zvigadziko zvezhizha ndezveGermany, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, United States, France, India, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Russia, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Nheyo dzechando dzeGermany (1), Argentina (7) neChile (11) dzinoramba dziri muAntarctica munguva yechando yakaoma.

Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve chii chinonzi Antarctica uye maitiro ayo.