Sezvatinoziva, mamiriro ekunze anokwanisa kugadzira nzvimbo dzine hunhu hwakasiyana umo hupenyu hunochinja nguva dzose. Semuyenzaniso, tinowana nzvimbo dzinodziya, dzinotonhora uye dzakadzikama dzine zvinomera nemhuka dzakachinjirwa kwairi uye nemhoteredzo yezvisikwa zvenzvimbo iyoyo. Izvi zvinozivikanwa nezita rekuti bioclimatic zones. Kuita kwemamiriro ekunze munharaunda yakapihwa kwakakosha pakusimudzira nekushanduka kwehupenyu nemamiriro ekunze.
Nechikonzero ichi, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kukuudza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve bioclimatic zones uye maitiro avo.
Kupesvedzera kwemamiriro ekunze pane bioclimatic zones
Kusiyana-siyana kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo kunotariswa nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvakadai se topography, mvura, ivhu uye zvinomera. Muchinyorwa chino tichaongorora rudzi urwu zvichibva pane zvatinofunga zvakanyanya kukosha: mamiriro ekunze.
Zvidzidzo zvemamiriro ekunze zvinoratidza kusiyana kwakasiyana kwedunhu kwakabatana nekupisa, kunaya kwemvura, maawa ekupisa kwezuva, mhute, chando, nezvimwe. Zvose izvi zvinokonzerwa nenhevedzano yezvinhu uye zvinhu zvatichaongorora pazasi, asi kutanga zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise zvatinoreva nemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze.
Mamiriro ekunze mamiriro ekunze pane imwe nguva nenzvimbo. Mamiriro ekunze achange ari kutevedzana kwenguva nenguva kwemhando dzemamiriro ekunze. Kuti tinzwisise mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo, tinoda makore angasvika makumi matatu eruzivo.
bioclimatic zones
intertropical region
Inobata mamiriro ekunze ese ari pakati penzvimbo mbiri dzinopisa. The general features are:
- Kupisa kwepamusoro gore rose (kupfuura 16ºC).
- Mvura yegore inodarika 750 mm. Inokonzerwa nekufamba kwekufambisa, Tropical Convergence Zone, uye Eastern Jet Stream.
- Kukura kwakasimba kwezvinomera. Kunyange zvazvo kugoverwa kwayo uye kuonekwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emasango ane chokuita nehuwandu hwemvura uye kugoverwa kwayo kwegore negore.
humid equatorial
Inowanikwa muGuinea Africa, Congo, Indochina, Indonesia uye Amazon basin. Avhareji tembiricha yepagore inotenderedza 22º-26ºC, ine diki tembiricha yekupisa. Kunaya kwepagore ndeye 1500-2000 mm. Gore negore, pasina mwaka wakaoma, hunyoro hwepamusoro (85%). Nzizi dzine simba uye dzinogara dziripo.
Iyo inomiririra zvinomera ndiyo sango: dense, yakavharwa maumbirwo, akapfuma muzvinomera, asingapindiki ne legumes uye orchids. Miti yacho yakareba kwazvo uye korona dzayo dzinoumba denga rinopfuurira; hunde yawo inotsvedzerera uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvepasi zvehunde hazvina matavi; mashizha akafara uye akasvibira. Lianas uye epiphytes (zvinomera zvinokura pamatavi nemakwenzi) zvinowanzoitikawo.
Ivhu harina humus uye rine laterite crust nekuda kwekunyanya kuchenesa (leaching) nemvura inonaya.
Tropical
Inoitika kumucheto kwebhandi reequatorial uye kumakondinendi ekumadokero, Caribbean neCentral America.
Tembiricha yakakwira mukati megore, asi kushanduka kwekushisa kwegore negore kunowedzera. Kana iri mvura, dziri pakati pe700 ne1500 mm.
Miti inopindirana nekusanaya kwemvura nekuomesa madzinde ayo nemashizha uye kuderedza ukuru hwawo. Chimiro chikuru chekugadzira ndiyo savannah, iyo inoratidzwa nenhamba yakawanda yemiti yakareba (uswa) uye zviduku zviduku nemimwe miti inoputika. Tinogona kusiyanisa akati wandei subtypes:
- savanna yemapuranga inoumbwa nemiti yakaparadzana uye masango akasvibira akaumbwa nemishonga. MuAfrica, maacacias nemabaobabs ane flat-toped anowanikwa.
- savanna dzine uswa yakakwirira yakabatana nemhoteredzo dzisina kuoma kwemamiriro ekunze anopisa.
- MuSouth America, mamiriro ekunze anopisa anosanganiswa neanonzi minda yakavharwa.
- MuAustralia tinowana savanna dzemiti yakaoma-mashizha se eucalyptus.
Monsoon
Iyo inozivikanwawo sehumid tropical climate; akaparadzirwa muSoutheast Asia (India, Indochina, Indonesia) neMadagascar. Tembiricha dzakakwirira mugore rose. Kana iri mvura, kune mwedzi minomwe kana misere yemwaka wemvura uye mwaka wokusanaya kwemvura. Mvura inonaya yakawanda uye inokonzerwa nemonsoon. Muchando, mhepo dzekutengeserana dzinovhuvhuta kubva kunyika (mwaka wokusanaya kwemvura), asi muchirimo, mhepo dzekutengeserana dzinopisa, dzine mwando dzinobva kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere inoyambuka equator uye inokukurwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, ichiunza mvura inonaya yakawanda apo inosvika mukondinendi.
Sango remonsoon rinopa muenzaniso wakavhurika kupfuura kare, saka kune kukura kukuru kwezvinomera zvepasi. Miti yacho yakareba mamita gumi nemaviri kusvika ku12, iyo inomiririra zvikuru teak uye bamboo. Liana uye epiphytes zvakare akaonekwa.
Bioclimatic zones yenzvimbo dzakaoma
Nezve nzvimbo yayo, tinosiyanisa:
- Nzvimbo yekusingaperi anticyclonic inobata kumadokero kwegungwa rekondinendi: gwenga reAustralia Sahara. Nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinobereka mhepo inogara yakaoma inonyura inodziya zvakanyanya kana yasvika pamusoro muchiedza chezuva chakasimba.
- Mukati mekondinendi, sezvo dutu rinosvika risina simba: Central Russia neAmerican Midwest.
- Kune zvipingamupinyi zvemakomo zvinodzivirira kufamba kwemadutu kuenda kune lee: Mongolia, Patagonia uye kumadokero kweUnited States.
- Magwenga emumhenderekedzo yegungwa mhedzisiro yemhepo inotonhora yemugungwa. Mhepo inotonhorera kana yasangana nemafungu emugungwa aya, asi hupfu hwemvura hushoma hunoreva kuti mhute inongobuda kana yasvika kumakondinendi. Muenzaniso ndeuyu gwenga reAtacama muChile.
nzvimbo dzine mwero
Mediterranean
Inowanikwa pakati pe30º-45º kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba latitude, kunyanya nyika dzakaganhurana neGungwa reMediterranean, maodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero kweAustralia, California, pakati peChile nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth Africa.
Tembiricha ishoma kubva pakati pe21º kusvika 25ºC muzhizha uye pakati pe4º ne13ºC muchando. Mvura inonaya pakati pe400 ne600 mm. Gore negore, rinowanzoitika muchirimo uye mumatsutso. Mwaka wekuoma unopindirana nechirimo.
Iyo inomiririra zvinomera ndeye sclerophyllous, ine mashizha maduku uye akaoma ecortical, bark gobvu uye mapfundo uye matavi akamonyoroka. Munharaunda yeMedithera, sango iri rakagadzirwa nemiti yakaita semakoki oak, holm oak, Aleppo pines, matombo mapaini nemiorivhi. Kune zvakare yakapfuma shrub layer yemiti yestrawberry, Kermes oak, mijunipa uye mijunipa.
Oceanic
Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweEurope, kumhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States, kumhenderekedzo yekumabvazuva kweCanada, kumaodzanyemba kweChile, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAustralia, Tasmania, uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNew Zealand.
Idzo inzvimbo dziri mukati mehuwandu hwekuvhiringidzika kwechigarire kwenzvimbo dzepolar, saka dzinoshaya mwaka wekuoma. Kunaya kwemvura kunosvika 600 kusvika 1.200 mm, ndiyo yakanyanya kunaya munguva yechando. Tembiricha iri pakati nepakati, pakati pe8º kusvika 22ºC, nekuda kwekupfava kwenyanza, kunyangwe dzichidzika dzakananga kuchamhembe uye nepakati pemakondinendi.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve bioclimatic zones uye maitiro avo.