Chaka chowala

Lingaliro la kuwala-chaka nthawi zambiri amasocheretsa. Kukhalapo kwa mawu akuti chaka kwapangitsa ambiri kugwirizanitsa mawuwa ndi gawo lanthawi. Komabe, ndi gawo la kuyeza kwa longitude lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhani ya zakuthambo, kotero m'malo monena kuti "tenga chaka chowala", anthu amati "khalani chaka chopepuka".

M'nkhaniyi tikuuzani kuti chaka chowala ndi chiyani, momwe chimayesedwa, zitsanzo ndi zina zambiri.

Chaka chowala ndi chiyani

Lingaliro limeneli limagwira ntchito monga muyezo wa kuyeza kwa zakuthambo umene umayesa mtunda umene photon kapena kachigawo kakang’ono ka kuwala kangayende m’chaka chimodzi chokha. M'mawerengero, Chaka chimodzi chowala ndi 9,46 x 1012 km kapena 9.460.730.472.580,8 km. Chigawochi chidapangidwa kuti chizitha kuyeza mitunda yayikulu yam'mbali yopitilira mabiliyoni a kilomita. Mipata imeneyi imafuna muyeso wakutiwakuti kuti muifotokoze momveka bwino.

International Astronomical Union imapereka tanthauzo lenileni la chaka chopepuka, chofupikitsidwa kuti ly or ly in English. Kuti ayesedwe, kalendala ya Julian (m’malo mwa Gregorian) ndi liwiro la kuwala (lowerengedwa pa mamita 299.792.458 pa sekondi iliyonse) ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Choncho, nthawi ya chaka chimene kuwala kumayenda mtunda wa mlengalenga ndi wofanana ndi masiku 365,25, m'malo mwa masiku 365,2425 monga mu kalendala ya Gregorian.

Mofanana ndi mayunitsi ena oyezera mtunda, muyeso uwu ukhoza kukulitsidwa mpaka kuchulukitsa kwapamwamba powonjezera mawu oyamba ku mtengo wa manambala. Mwachitsanzo, mtunda wa zaka 1.000 za kuwala ukhoza kufotokozedwa ngati kilo-light-year, kapena kly, pamene mtunda wa 1.000.000 light-year ukhoza kufotokozedwa ngati mega-light-year, kapena gly.

Chiyambi cha lingaliro

Chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 61, Friedrich Bessel, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi masamu wa ku Germany, anakhazikitsa mfundo yakuti kuwala kwa chaka ndi njira yopimira. Chinthu chachikulu chimene Bessel anachita chinali kuwerengera ndendende mtunda wochokera padziko lapansi kupita ku nyenyezi ina osati Dzuwa, makamaka nyenyezi XNUMX Cygni yomwe ili mu gulu la nyenyezi la Cygnus. Mtunda umenewu unali wodabwitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa makilomita 98.734.594.662 kapena mailosi 61.350.985.287,1, Amenewo anali manambala ovuta kuwagwira. Pofuna kupewa vutoli, Bessel anasankha kufotokoza mtunda umenewu potengera nthawi imene kuwala kumatenga mtundawu, womwe ndi zaka pafupifupi 10,3.

Panthaŵi imene Bessel ankagwira ntchito, liwiro la kuwala linali lisanadziwike bwinobwino, zomwe zinachititsa kuti asagwiritse ntchito mawu akuti "light year" powerengera. Otto Ule, wolemba zasayansi wotchuka wa ku Germany, anayambitsa lingaliro la “chaka chopepuka” mu 1851 ndipo ananena kuti ligwiritsiridwe ntchito mofanana ndi “ola la march”.

Chigawo choyezera chimenechi poyambirira chinawonedwa ngati gawo la zakuthambo ndi German academy, ngakhale kuti ena, monga katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku Britain Arthur Eddington, iwo anali otsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake, akumalingalira kuti n’kovuta, kosatheka, ndi koyenerana bwino ndi sayansi yotchuka.

Zitsanzo za mtunda woyezedwa m'zaka zowala

Tikayezedwa m'zaka zowala, mtunda wina wa malo umakhala wofunikira kwambiri. Tiyeni tiwone zina mwa zitsanzo zomwe asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito muyeso uwu:

• Njira yamkaka, mlalang’amba wathu womwewo, uli ndi m’mimba mwake wa zaka 150.000 za kuwala kwa zaka zoyendera. Mwachitsanzo, Andromeda, mlalang’amba woyandikana nawo, uli ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 240.000 light-years. Milalang’amba iwiriyi imalekanitsidwa ndi mtunda wa zaka 2.500.000 za kuwala.
• M'mphepete mwa kunja kwa Dongosolo lathu loyendera dzuwa lili mumtambo wa Oort., ndipo mtunda pakati pa mtambo uwu ndi Dzuwa ndi pafupifupi 1 kuwala chaka.
• Proxima Centauri, nyenyezi yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi Dzuwa, ili kutali ndi zaka 4,22.
• Mlalang’amba waung’ono wotchedwa Canis Major, womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi Mlalang’amba wa Milky Way, umasiyana nawo ndi mtunda wa zaka 25.000 za kuwala kwa zaka XNUMX.
• Gulu la milalang'amba ya komweko, kuphatikiza Milky Way, Ili ndi kukula kwa zaka 10.000.000 za kuwala.
• Virgo Supercluster, yomwe imaphatikizapo Local Group of galaxies, ili ndi kukula kwa zaka 200 za kuwala kwa zaka.
• Pisces-Cetus supercluster complex, yomwe ili ndi gulu la Virgo Supercluster, ili ndi makulidwe okwana 1.000.000.000 light-years.
• La Great Wall of Hercules-Corona Borealis, chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chooneka ndi zakuthambo m’chilengedwe chonse, ndipo kukula kwake n’kofanana ndi zaka zoposa 10.000.000.000 za kuwala kwa zaka zounikira.

Miyezo ina ya zakuthambo

Kupatulapo kapimidwe kodziŵika bwino ka zakuthambo kameneka, palinso miyeso ina imene imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuimira mitunda yaikulu pakati pa zinthu zakuthambo ndi mipangidwe ya mlengalenga. Ambiri mwa mayunitsiwa amachokera ku kuwala kwa chaka, kuphatikizapo mwezi wowala, tsiku lowala, ola lowala, mphindi yowala, ndi mphindi yowala. Mayunitsiwa amagwira ntchito mofananamo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mu sayansi yotchuka, matelefoni, ndi relativistic physics.

Akatswiri a zakuthambo amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zida zakuthambo zomwe zimapitilira utali wa chaka chimodzi cha kuwala. Zitsanzo zamayunitsi ngati awa:

• Amatchedwa parallax ya Chingerezi ya sekondi imodzi ya arc, Parsec (pc) ndi muyeso wofanana ndi zaka 3,2616 za kuwala.
• Powerengera mtunda wapakati pakati pa Dziko Lapansi ndi Dzuwa, asayansi adakhazikitsa chigawo cha zakuthambo (AU) monga chofanana ndi mphindi 8 zowala.

Ophunzira a zakuthambo amakonda kuyesa gawo la zakuthambo ngati muyeso womwe amawakonda chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokhazikika, womwe ungafotokozedwe m'mawu osavuta. Kumbali ina, mtengo wa kuwala kwa chaka umadalira malingana ndi mmene zinthu zilili, monga ngati kuyezako kumatengedwa popanda kanthu kapena ngati kalendala ya Julian kapena Gregory ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chaka chowala ndi gawo losavuta komanso lovuta kwambiri la kuyeza kuposa ena. Komabe, ili ndi ubwino wokhala chifaniziro cholongosoka cha mtunda waukulu pakati pa zinthu zakuthambo. Zili choncho chifukwa chakuti kuwala, komwe ndi chinthu chothamanga kwambiri m’chilengedwe chonse, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ounikira kuti apime mtundawu.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi chidziwitsochi mutha kuphunzira zambiri za chaka chowala komanso momwe chimayesedwa.