Kodi CRISPR ndi chiyani

Tikudziwa kuti teknoloji ikupita patsogolo kwambiri ndi malire. M’dziko la biology ndi chibadwa zilinso choncho. Pamenepa, anthu ambiri sadziwa CRISPR ndi chiyani kapena ndi chiyani. Ndi njira yosinthira majini yomwe, mwachidule, ili ndi udindo wodula ndi kumata majini a anthu. Anapezeka kalekale ndipo akubala zipatso zake zoyamba kuchiza ndi pulasitiki ya matenda ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.

M'nkhaniyi tikuuzani zomwe CRISPR ndi, makhalidwe ake ndi chifukwa chake teknoloji yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu wa genetics ndi biology.

Kodi CRISPR ndi chiyani

CRISPR ndi chidule cha Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. Iyi ndi njira yomwe mabakiteriya amagwiritsa ntchito kuti adziteteze ku ma virus ndi zinthu zina zam'manja zomwe zimayesa kuwononga maselo awo.

Momwe CRISPR imagwirira ntchito ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Choyambirira, mabakiteriya amaphatikiza zidutswa za DNA ya ma virus mu DNA yawo, ngati mtundu wa "immunological memory". Zidutswa zimenezi zimatchedwa spacers. Kenako, kachilomboka kamayesa kuwononga selo la bakiteriya, bakiteriyayo amapanga RNA yotsogolera yomwe imamangiriza ku mapuloteni otchedwa Cas, omwe amadula ndi kuwononga DNA ya kachilomboka. Wowongolera RNA amapangidwa kuchokera ku chidziwitso chomwe chili mu spacers, kulola mabakiteriya "kukumbukira" ma virus omwe adakumana nawo kale.

Mtundu uwu wa chitetezo cha mabakiteriya wagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zolondola kwambiri zosinthira majini. Njira yotchuka kwambiri ndi CRISPR-Cas9, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito puloteni yosinthidwa ya Cas9 kuti idule DNA pamalo enaake. Zosintha zitha kupangidwa ku DNA, monga kuwonjezera kapena kufufuta majini kapena kukonza masinthidwe.

Ubwino waukadaulo wa CRISPR

Ubwino waukulu waukadaulo wa CRISPR ndikulondola kwake. Upangiri wa RNA ukhoza kupangidwa kuti ugwirizane ndi DNA yotsatizana, kutanthauza kuti kusintha kumangochitika pamalo omwe mukufuna. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi ndi yachangu komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa njira zosinthira jini zam'mbuyomu.

Ngakhale ukadaulo wa CRISPR ndiwodalirika, umadzutsanso mafunso okhudzana ndi chitetezo. Kusintha kwa ma gene kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchiza matenda amtundu, koma angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupanga "mwambo" makanda kapena kupanga masinthidwe mu mzere wa majeremusi omwe amapatsira mibadwo yamtsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, zolakwika pakukonza zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka, monga khansa kapena matenda ena. Anthu ambiri amakambilana ngati zambiri kuposa kungosewera Mulungu.

kusintha gene

Mwachilengedwe, zamoyo zimakhala ndi chidziwitso cha majini chomwe chimawongolera kukula kwake. Kusintha kwa majini ndi gulu la njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha DNA ya chamoyo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kusintha sikufanana ndi kusintha kwa majini. Choyamba, DNA ya mitundu ina sikugwiritsidwa ntchito, monga momwe amasinthidwira.

Biogenetics, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti genetic engineering, ndi njira yomwe imaphatikiza biology ndi genetics. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kuli m'munda wa biotechnology. Kusintha kwa gene ndi njira yomwe chidutswa cha DNA chomwe mukufuna kuchita chimazindikirika, kuchotsedwa ndi kusinthidwa ndi gawo lina latsopano. Zitha kuchitikanso kuti zidutswa zosemphana zikachotsedwa, makina am'manja amatha kuwongolera ndikukonza zotsatizanazo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi, asayansi akhoza kuwonjezera, kuchotsa, kapena kusintha DNA ngati pakufunikira kuti akwaniritse zolinga zomwe akufuna.

Chifukwa chake, CRISPR ndiukadaulo wosintha ma jini omwe amadalira mphamvu ya mapuloteni a Cas kuswa DNA pamaso pa kuzindikira koyenera kwa RNA. Popeza RNA imatha kupangidwa mu labu, kuthekera kosintha kumakhala kopanda malire.

Ntchito zazikulu

Ukadaulo wa CRISPR umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa zosintha mu genome molondola kwambiri. Pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakukulu tili ndi zotsatirazi:

• mapulogalamu azachipatala, monga mayesero othetsera HIV, kapena kuchiza matenda monga Duchenne muscular dystrophy, matenda a Huntington, autism, progeria, cystic fibrosis, khansa katatu kapena matenda a Angelman. Kafukufuku akuyeseranso kudziwa ngati angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kuyesa kwa matenda kuti azindikire
• Amalimbana ndi matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombomonga malungo, zika, dengue, chikungunya kapena yellow fever.
• Vegetal Biotechnology. Ukadaulo wa CRISPR ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu ya mbewu yomwe imasinthidwa bwino ndi chilengedwe, kugonjetsedwa ndi chilala kapena tizirombo. Makhalidwe a organoleptic amatha kusinthidwa, kuphatikiza ma physicochemical properties, kuti akhale oyenera kudyedwa ndi anthu.

Muukadaulo wa zinyama, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kusintha kwa mitundu, mwachitsanzo kupanga ng'ombe zolimbana ndi matenda. Pakadali pano, palibe matekinoloje a CRISPR omwe amavomerezedwa kuchiza matenda obwera chifukwa cha jini imodzi yomwe ingathe kuchiritsidwa kudzera mukusintha kwa majini. Pazifukwa izi, ntchito zachipatala ndizongoyerekeza kuposa gawo lothandizira ndipo pakadali pano zili ndi zoyeserera.

CRISPR ndi bioethics

Ukadaulo wa CRISPR wosintha ma gene umapereka zovuta zingapo zokhudzana ndi bioethics. Ngakhale ntchito zazikulu ndi zabwino, Zopinga zina zitha kuthetsedwa popangitsa ukadaulo wotchipawu kupezeka kwa aliyense.

Ponena za ntchito zosintha ma gene m'mafakitale oyambira, ulimi ndi ziweto, ndizabwino bola zikuyenera kukhala zopindulitsa kwa anthu. Inde, m'pofunika kupenda nkhani iliyonse payekha. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya zomera kuti zisagonje ku tizilombo n'kosangalatsa kwambiri kwa anthu.

Kumbali ina, ngati tilingalira za kuloŵererapo m’zachilengedwe, tiyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri, popeza kuti kusintha kulikonse kosayembekezereka kungayambitse mavuto aakulu kapena osalamulirika.

Pankhani ya ntchito zamankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosintha ma gene mwa anthu kumafuna zitsimikizo zachitetezo chambiri, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa matenda omwe pakali pano palibe chithandizo chamankhwala, kapena matenda omwe ali ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Pomaliza, kusintha kwa majini a embryo sikoyenera malinga ndi sayansi kapena zamakhalidwe abwino.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi chidziwitsochi mutha kuphunzira zambiri za CRISPR ndi mawonekedwe ake.