Chidwi cha Rover

El rover Chidwi ndi makina a mlengalenga adaphunzira zakumwamba kwa pulaneti la Mars, kujambula zithunzi za mitambo yowala ndi mwezi ukuyenda. Masensa a ma radiation a rover amalola asayansi kuyeza kuchuluka kwa astronaut amtsogolo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zowoneka bwino pa Martian, kuthandiza NASA kudziwa momwe angawatetezere.

M'nkhaniyi tikuwuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza Curiosity rover, mawonekedwe ake ndi zomwe atulukira.

Makhalidwe apamwamba

The Curiosity rover ndi makina apamlengalenga omwe akhala akuyang'ana ku Mars kuyambira pomwe idatera mu Ogasiti 2012. Yopangidwa ndikumangidwa ndi NASA, galimoto ya robotic iyi ndi gawo la ntchito ya Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ndipo ili ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamasewera apamwamba kwambiri mpaka pano.

Ndi yaikulu kwambiri kukhala ngati kukula kwa galimoto yaing'ono. Ndi pafupifupi mamita 2,9 m’litali, mamita 2,7 m’lifupi ndi mamita 2,2 m’mwamba. Kulemera kwake konse ndi pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 900. Ili ndi mawilo asanu ndi limodzi, omwe ali ndi mainchesi 50 masentimita, omwe amalola kuti azitha kuyenda bwino ndikudutsa malo ovuta a Mars.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za Curiosity rover ndi mphamvu zake. Ili ndi jenereta ya radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG), yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kopangidwa ndi kuvunda kwa plutonium-238 kupanga magetsi. Gwero lamagetsi limeneli limalola kuti rover igwire ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale kumalo ozizira kwambiri a Martian.

Lilinso ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zasayansi zapamwamba. Ili ndi njira yowunikira zitsanzo yotchedwa SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars), yomwe imatha kuphunzira momwe miyala ya Martian imapangidwira komanso nthaka. Ili ndi laser spectrometer yomwe imatha kusungunula magawo ang'onoang'ono azinthu kuti aunike mawonekedwe ake. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi makamera apamwamba kwambiri omwe amajambula zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zatsatanetsatane za Martian.

Ili ndi mkono wa robotic wodziwika bwino ndipo imatha kutalika mpaka mita 2,1. Pamapeto pa mkono pali zida zingapo, kuphatikizapo kubowola, burashi, ndi kamera, zomwe zimakulolani kutenga zitsanzo ndikuchita kafukufuku pa Martian.

Njira yawo yolumikizirana ndi yochititsa chidwi. Imagwiritsa ntchito tinyanga zolemera kwambiri kuti zitumize deta pa intaneti ya NASA yolankhulana, zomwe zimathandiza asayansi Padziko Lapansi kuti alandire chidziwitso chofunikira chokhudza Mars mu nthawi yeniyeni.

Zomwe Zapezeka za Curiosity rover

Zina mwa zomwe zapezedwa za Curiosity rover pa Mars tiyenera kutero anatsimikiza kuti madzi amadzimadzi, limodzi ndi mankhwala ndi zakudya zofunika kuchirikiza moyo, zakhalapo ku Gale Crater kwa zaka zosachepera makumi mamiliyoni. Chigwachi nthawi ina chinali ndi nyanja, yomwe idakula ndikucheperachepera pakapita nthawi. Chigawo chilichonse cham'mwamba cha Mount Sharp chimalemba malo aposachedwa a Martian.

Tsopano rover yolimba mtimayo ikudutsa m’chigwa chimene chimasonyeza kusintha n’kupita kumalo atsopano amene amakhulupirira kuti anapangika madziwo ataphwa, n’kusiya miyala yamchere yotchedwa sulfates.

"Tikuwona umboni wa kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo yakale ya Martian," anatero wasayansi wa polojekiti ya Curiosity Ashwin Vasavada wa Jet Propulsion Laboratory ya NASA kum'mwera kwa California. "Funso ndiloti ngati zinthu zomwe Curiosity yakumana nazo mpaka pano zapitilira kusinthaku. Kodi iwo apita kosatha kapena abwera ndi kupita kwa zaka mamiliyoni?

Curiosity rover yapita patsogolo modabwitsa paphirili. Mu 2015, gululi linagwira chithunzi cha "positikhadi" cha phiri lakutali. Kachidutswa kakang'ono m'chithunzichi ndi thanthwe la Curiosity lomwe limatchedwa "Ilha Novo Destino," pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri chiwombankhangacho chinadutsa mwezi watha panjira yopita kumunda wa sulfate.

Gululi likukonzekera kufufuza dera lomwe lili ndi sulfate m'zaka zikubwerazi. Mmenemo, amalingalira zolinga monga njira ya Gediz Vallis, yomwe mwina inapanga panthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi kumapeto kwa mbiri ya Mount Sharp, ndi ming'alu yaikulu ya simenti yomwe imasonyeza mphamvu ya madzi pansi pa phirilo.

Momwe amasungira Curiosity rover ikuyenda

Anthu amafunsa kuti chinsinsi cha Curiosity rover ndi chiyani kuti akhalebe ndi moyo wokangalika ali ndi zaka 10. Yankho ndi gulu la mazana a mainjiniya odzipereka omwe amagwira ntchito ku JPL komanso kutali ndi kwawo.

Gululi limalemba mng'alu uliwonse wa mawilo, kuyesa mzere uliwonse wa code ya makompyuta isanatumizidwe mumlengalenga, ndikubowola zitsanzo za miyala yosatha pa Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Mars Yard kutsimikizira kuti ikhoza kukhalabe motetezeka pa pulaneti lofiira.

"Mukangofika ku Mars, zonse zomwe mumachita zimanenedweratu kuti palibe amene angakonze," atero Andy Mishkin, woyang'anira pulogalamu ya Curiosity ku JPL. "Zonsezi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru zomwe zili pa rover."

Mwachitsanzo, njira yobowola yasinthidwa kangapo kuyambira pomwe idatera. Panthawi ina, kubowolako sikunagwire ntchito kwa chaka chopitilira pomwe mainjiniya adasintha kuti iziwoneka ngati kubowola pamanja. Posachedwapa, njira zama braking zomwe zimalola kuti mkono usunthe kapena kukhala pamalo ake adasiya kugwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti mkonowo wakhala ukuthamanga monga mwa nthawi zonse ndi sipaseti yomwe inali nayo, gululi linaphunziranso kuboola mabowo mosamala kwambiri kuteteza mabuleki atsopano.

Pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mawilo, mainjiniya ankayang'anitsitsa zoopsa, monga malo otsetsereka omwe apeza posachedwa, ndipo adapanga njira yowongolera ma traction kuti ithandizire.

Gululi lidachitanso chimodzimodzi pakuwongolera mphamvu ya rover yomwe ikucheperachepera pang'onopang'ono. Ili ndi mabatire a nyukiliya okhalitsa m'malo mwa solar panels. Pamene maatomu a plutonium amene ali m’mabatire akuwola, amatulutsa kutentha, kumene chombocho chimasandutsa magetsi. Rover sichitha kuchita zinthu zomwezo tsiku limodzi monga idachitira mchaka chake choyamba, popeza maatomu amasweka pang'onopang'ono.

Mishkin adati gululi likupitilizabe kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe rover amagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse, ndipo adazindikira kale ndi ntchito ziti zomwe zingachitike limodzi kuti muwonjezere mphamvu yomwe ilipo ya rover. Kupyolera m’kulinganiza kosamalitsa ndi luso la uinjiniya, gululi likuyembekezera mwachidwi zaka zambiri za ntchito yofufuza za ndege yolimba mtima imeneyi imene yayandikira.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi chidziwitsochi mutha kuphunzira zambiri za Curiosity rover ndi mawonekedwe ake.