Bose-Einstein condensate

Zinthu zitha kupezeka m'magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizana, omwe timapeza zolimba, mpweya, ndi zakumwa; komabe, pali mitundu ina yamayiko osadziwika bwino, omwe amodzi mwa iwo amadziwika kuti. Bose-Einstein condensate, oonedwa ndi akatswiri ambiri a zamankhwala, asayansi ndi afizikiki monga mkhalidwe wachisanu wa zinthu.

M'nkhaniyi tikuuzani zomwe Bose-Einstein condensate ndi, makhalidwe ake, ntchito ndi zina zambiri.

Kodi Bose-Einstein condensate ndi chiyani?

Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) ndi gawo la zinthu, monga momwe zimakhalira: mpweya, madzi ndi olimba, koma Zimachitika pa kutentha kotsika kwambiri, pafupi kwambiri ndi ziro.

Amakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono totchedwa ma bosons omwe, pa kutentha kumeneku, amakhala m'malo otsika kwambiri amphamvu kwambiri omwe amadziwika kuti dziko lapansi. Albert Einstein adaneneratu izi mu 1924 atawerenga pepala pamawerengero a photon omwe adatumizidwa kwa iye ndi wasayansi waku India Satyendra Bose.

Sikophweka kupeza kutentha kofunikira kuti apange ma condensate a Bose-Einstein mu labotale, chifukwa chake mpaka 1995 sikunali kotheka kukhala ndi luso lofunikira. Chaka chimenecho, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo a ku America Eric Cornell ndi Carl Wieman ndi wafilosofi wa ku Germany Wolfgang Ketterle anatha kuyang'ana ma condensates oyambirira a Bose-Einstein. Asayansi a ku Colorado anagwiritsa ntchito rubidium-87, pamene Keitel anaipeza kudzera mu mpweya wosungunuka kwambiri wa maatomu a sodium.

Chifukwa chakuti kuyesa kumeneku kunatsegula chitseko cha gawo latsopano la kafukufuku wa katundu wa zinthu, Kettler, Cornell, ndi Wieman analandira Mphotho ya Nobel ya 2001. Ndi chifukwa cha kutentha kochepa kwambiri komwe maatomu a gasi okhala ndi zinthu zina amapanga dziko lolamulidwa, zonsezo amatha kupeza mphamvu zomwezo zochepetsedwa ndi mayendedwe, zomwe sizichitika m’nkhani wamba.

Makhalidwe apamwamba

Monga tanena kale, zinthu sizingokhala ndi zigawo zitatu zamadzi, zolimba, ndi gasi, koma m'malo mwake, pali gawo lachinayi ndi lachisanu lomwe lili ndi plasmatic ndi ionized. Bose-Einstein condensate ndi amodzi mwa mayikowa ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe angapo:

• Ndi gawo lophatikizika lomwe limapangidwa ndi gulu la ma bosons omwe ndi ma particles oyambira.
• Imawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lachisanu la kuphatikizika komwe zida zitha kuganiza.
• Idawonedwa koyamba mu 1995, kotero ndi yatsopano.
• Ili ndi njira yolumikizira pafupi ndi ziro.
• Ndi madzimadzi apamwamba kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi mphamvu ya chinthucho kuthetsa kukangana.
• Ndi superconducting ndipo ilibe zero kukana magetsi.
• Amadziwikanso kuti quantum ice cube.

Chiyambi cha Bose-Einstein condensate

Mpweya ukatsekeredwa mu chidebe, tinthu timene timatulutsa mpweyawo nthawi zambiri timakhala patali kwambiri kuti pakhale kuyanjana kochepa, kupatula kugundana kwapanthawi ndi nthawi komanso makoma a chidebecho. Chifukwa chake mtundu wodziwika bwino wa gasi umachokera.

Komabe, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatenthedwa, ndipo kutentha ndizomwe zimafunikira pa liwiro: kutentha kwapamwamba, kumayenda mofulumira. Ngakhale kuthamanga kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumatha kusiyanasiyana, liwiro la dongosololi limakhalabe nthawi zonse pa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa.

Chotsatira chofunikira ndichakuti zinthu zili ndi mitundu iwiri ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono: ma fermions ndi ma bosons, osiyanitsidwa ndi ma spin (intrinsic angular momentum), omwe ali ochulukirapo m'chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ma elekitironi ndi ma fermions okhala ndi ma spins a theka-integer, pomwe ma bosons amakhala ndi ma spins onse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawerengero awo azikhala osiyana.

Fermions amakonda kukhala osiyana ndipo motero mverani mfundo yopatula Paulo, malinga ndi zomwe ma fermions awiri mu atomu sangakhale ndi chikhalidwe chofanana cha quantum. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma elekitironi ali mu orbitals osiyanasiyana a atomiki ndipo motero sakhala ndi gawo lofanana la quantum.

Ma Bosons, kumbali ina, samamvera mfundo yotsutsa ndipo alibe chotsutsa chokhala ndi chikhalidwe chofanana. Gawo lovuta la kuyesa ndikusunga dongosolo kuti likhale lozizira mokwanira kuti de Broglie wavelength ikhale pamwamba.

Asayansi aku Colorado adakwaniritsa izi pogwiritsa ntchito makina ozizira a laser omwe amaphatikizapo kumenya zitsanzo za atomiki pamutu ndi matabwa asanu ndi limodzi a laser, kuwapangitsa kuti azichedwetsa mwadzidzidzi ndipo motero kuchepetsa kwambiri kusokonezeka kwawo kwa kutentha.

Ma atomu ochedwa, ozizira amatsekeredwa mu mphamvu ya maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maatomu othamanga kwambiri athawe kuti apitirize kuziziritsa dongosolo. Ma atomu otsekeredwa motere adatha kupanga kachidutswa kakang'ono ka Bose-Einstein condensate kwakanthawi kochepa, komwe kudatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ijambulidwe pachithunzi.

ofunsira

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodalirika kwambiri za Bose-Einstein condensate zili mkati kupanga zida zolondola zoyezera nthawi komanso kuzindikira mafunde amphamvu yokoka. Chifukwa chakuti maatomu amayenda mozungulira ngati chinthu chimodzi, ndi olondola kwambiri kuposa mawotchi wamba wamba ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyeza nthawi mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Mbali ina yomwe gawo lachisanu la zinthu lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi quantum computing, yomwe ingalole kupanga makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri komanso ogwira mtima kuposa omwe alipo. Ma atomu omwe ali mu condensate amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma qubits, zomangira zoyambira zamakompyuta a quantum, komanso kuchuluka kwake kumatha kuloleza kuwerengera mwachangu komanso molondola kuposa momwe zingathere ndi makompyuta wamba. Ichi ndichifukwa chake pali zokamba zambiri za makompyuta a quantum masiku ano.

Kuphatikiza apo, Bose-Einstein condensate imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza za sayansi ya zinthu komanso kupanga zida zatsopano zokhala ndi zinthu zodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, yagwiritsidwa ntchito pangani zida za superconducting zomwe zitha kusintha makampani amagetsi ndi kulola kupanga zida zogwira mtima kwambiri komanso zamphamvu.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi chidziwitso ichi mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri za Bose-Einstein condensate, makhalidwe ake ndi ntchito.