Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America

Ku Peru kuli chikhalidwe chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri koma chodziwika pang'ono cha kontinenti ya America. Ndi za Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America, yomwe tsopano ikukondwerera zaka 25 kuchokera pamene inafukula. Malo ambiri ofukula mabwinja apezeka mumzindawu omwe ali ndi zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya munthu.

Pachifukwa ichi, tipereka nkhaniyi kuti tikuuzeni zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America, makhalidwe ake ndi zomwe atulukira.

Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America

Ku Caral, mzinda wotanganidwa kwambiri ku America, kuli malo ambiri mahekitala 66 ku Valle Supere kumpoto chapakati pagombe la Peru. Ndi chimodzi mwa zitukuko zazikulu kwambiri ku America, ndi chitukuko chomwe chinachimanga, chikhalidwe cha Caral, Chimatengedwa kuti ndi chitukuko chakale kwambiri ku America.

Chuma cha Caral chimachokera paulimi ndi usodzi padoko lotchedwa Supe pagombe la Pacific. M’derali, midzi yaing’ono inayamba kukula mofulumira pakati pa 3000 B.C. C. ndi 2700 a. C., ndipo maderawa adalumikizana ndikusinthanitsa zinthu pakati pawo komanso ndi anthu ena akutali. madera ovuta kwambiri anapangidwa pakati pa 2700 ndi 2550 BC mzinda waukulu wa Caral unamangidwa, malo omanga kwambiri. Inali panthawiyi pamene malo atsopano amatauni anayamba kuonekera mu Super Valley ndi pafupi ndi Pativelka Valley, pakati pa 2550 ndi 2400 BC. Chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha Caral chinafika kumpoto kwa Peru, kuchokera ku Ventarrón, Lambayeque kapena malo ena kumwera monga zikuwonekera patsamba, monga zigwa za Chillón, Rímac, Asia…

luso labwino

A Carals anali gulu lotsogola lomwe adapanga chidziwitso chachikulu cha sayansi ndiukadaulo ndikufalitsa chidziwitsochi ku zikhalidwe zina zoyandikana nazo. Sakhala m’mizinda yokhala ndi mipanda yotchingidwa ndi mipanda kapena kupanga zida zankhondo, koma amasinthanitsa chuma, katundu, ndi chidziŵitso ndi anthu okhala m’mapiri ndi m’nkhalango. Momwemonso, anakumana ndi Spondylus, nkhono zodziwika bwino za m'madzi otentha ku Ecuador, zomwe zinathandiza kwambiri m'madera a Andes, adapezanso mchere wa sodalite, wochokera ku Bolivia womwe unapanganso mitundu yatsopano ya ku Chile pokwirira ana. Akufa adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chikhalidwe cha Cuervo akusonyeza kuti Caral anali okhudzana ndi zikhalidwe zina zomwe zinali kutali kwambiri.

Kufunika kwa Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America, kumawonekera m'mapangidwe ake, omwe ali ophiphiritsa -ndiponso amavomerezedwa ndi zikhalidwe zina: malo ozungulira omira, niches, zitseko zamitundu iwiri, ukadaulo wotsutsa zivomezi, nsanja zopondapo. Ndi tawuni yopangidwa ndi nyumba zosiyanasiyana. Ilibe malo otchingidwa ndi mipanda ndipo ili pabwalo lomwe limateteza ku masoka achilengedwe.

Mzinda wa Caral ulibe mpanda wokhala ndi mipanda ndipo uli pa nsanja yomwe imateteza ku masoka achilengedwe. Mapiramidi asanu ndi limodzi apulumuka, iliyonse ili ndi makwerero apakati ndi guwa lokhala ndi moto wapakati. Nyumbazi zinamangidwa ndi miyala komanso matabwa a mitengo yomwe inagwa. Mapiramidi asanu ndi limodzi apulumuka, iliyonse ili ndi makwerero apakati oyang'ana nyenyezi inayake. Nyumba zonsezi zinali ndi guwa loyaka moto pakati (zozungulira kapena quadrilateral) ndi mapaipi apansi panthaka kuti ayendetse mphamvu ya mphepo. Zikondwerero zachipembedzo zidzachitikira m’zipinda zimenezi, kuphatikizapo kutentha nsembe kwa milungu. Koma zina zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi malo ake awiri ozungulira, omwe ali kutsogolo kwa nyumba ziwiri zooneka ngati mapiramidi. Zikuonekanso kuti zimagwirizana ndi miyambo yachipembedzo.

ngozi zachilengedwe

Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale agwira ntchito m'midzi ya 12 ya chikhalidwe ichi ndi cholinga chomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Caral ndi momwe chinasinthira zaka zikwizikwi, kukwaniritsa kutchuka kwakukulu ndi chitukuko mpaka chinalowa m'mavuto ndikugwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo. Chigwa chochuluka cha Supe Valley kukhala dziko la milu ndi mchenga, chokhudzidwa ndi chilala chotalikirapo, mikhalidwe yomwe inachititsa kuti mizinda inasiyidwa. Kusintha, zomwe zotsatira zake zakhala zoopsa. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale azindikira mndandanda wa zochitika za nyengo yoopsa, kuphatikizapo zivomezi ndi mvula yamkuntho zomwe zinasefukira m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya m’mudzi wa asodzi.

Panalinso chilala choopsa chomwe chinakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri: Mtsinje wa Supe unauma ndipo minda inadzaza ndi mchenga. Potsirizira pake, atathetsa njala zosiyanasiyana ndi zowononga za chitukuko chaulemererochi, Caral ndi matauni oyandikana nawo. Iwo anasiyidwa cha m’ma 1900 BC, osadziwa zimene zinachitika kwa okhalamo.

Zipilala za Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America

Pakati pa zaka 3000 ndi 2500 BC, anthu okhala ku Caral anayamba kupanga midzi yaing’ono m’dera limene tsopano limatchedwa chigawo cha Barranca, kulankhulana wina ndi mzake ndi kusinthanitsa katundu ndi malonda. Kumeneko ndi kumene kumangidwa kwa likulu latsopano la mzindawo kunayambika, momwe malo ozungulira ozungulira ndi mapiramidi ozungulira anamangidwa omwe ankakhala ngati malo a zikondwerero. M’zipinda zimenezi, anthu ankalambira milungu ndiponso ankawotcha nsembe posonyeza kuyamikira.

Pa moyo wawo, chikhalidwe ichi chinamanga ngalande, zotsalira zomwe zimasonyeza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito nyengo ndi madzi. Kupyolera mu zomanga zimenezi amatha kuwongolera mphepo kuti madzi apite kumalo otsika kwambiri ndikugwira ntchito zapakhomo.

Pezani phindu lachilengedweli Ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.. Puquios (“akasupe” m’Chiquechua) anamangidwa m’madera osiyanasiyana a chigwacho monga nkhokwe zosungiramo madzi.

Chuma cha Caral chimachokera pausodzi ndi ulimi. Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, amagulitsa thonje ndi nsomba zopanda madzi m'thupi ndi magulu ena a Andes ndi Amazonian. Malonda osinthanitsa anachitidwa ndi zikhalidwe zina zosatukuka kwambiri zomwe zinkakhala m'chigawo cha Andes.

Chikhalidwe china cha Caral chinali chidziwitso chake chochuluka cha sayansi ndi luso lamakono, zomwe zinasamutsidwa ku zikhalidwe zina zoyandikana nazo. Kutukuka kumeneku kumaonekera popanga njira zatsopano zaulimi, monga maenje omwe tawatchulawa. Momwemonso, pali umboni wosonyeza kuti chitukukochi chiyenera kuti chinapanga gulu lankhondo lomwe limapanga zida zake.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi chidziwitsochi mutha kuphunzira zambiri za Caral, mzinda wakale kwambiri ku America.