Lokacin da muke magana a ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilimin yanayin zamani na Sake zagayowar Carnot muna nufin jerin abubuwan da ake gudanarwa a cikin injin Carnot. Yana da kyakkyawar na'urar da ta ƙunshi ofan matakai-nau'ikan juyawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa da zarar waɗannan matakan sun gudana, za'a iya ci gaba da yanayin farko. Wannan nau'in motar ana ɗaukarsa a kimiyyar lissafi azaman ingantacciyar motar kuma ana amfani da ita don iya tsara sauran motsin.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da zagayowar Carnot da ainihin halayensa.
Babban fasali
Muna magana ne cewa irin wannan injin ɗin ana ɗaukarsa azaman injin da ya dace. Wannan haka yake tunda bashi da watsewar kuzari, saboda gogayya da kasa ko iska kuma babu wani nau'in danko. Duk waɗannan halayen ko rashin haɓaka suna tashi a cikin kowane injiniya na ainihi, tunda ba shi yiwuwa a sauya makamashin thermal zuwa aiki mai amfani da 100%. Koyaya, tarin Carnot na iya yin kwatancen duk waɗannan sharuɗɗan don samun damar yin aiki mafi kyau da kuma yin ƙididdiga cikin sauƙi.
Lokacin da muka sayi injin, muna yin sa ne daga abu wanda zai iya yin aiki. Misali, manyan abubuwan da ake amfani dasu sune gas, fetur ko tururi. Lokacin da waɗannan abubuwa waɗanda ke da ikon yin aiki ke fuskantar canje-canje daban-daban a duka zafin jiki da matsin lamba, suna haifar da wasu bambance-bambance a cikin girman su. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya motsa fiska a cikin silinda don samun motar.
Menene zagayowar Carnot?
Wannan sake zagayowar yana faruwa a cikin tsarin da ake kira injin Carnot. A cikin wannan injin ɗin akwai kyakkyawan gas wanda aka haɗa a cikin silinda kuma wanda aka samar dashi da fistan. Fiston yana cikin ma'amala da kafofin da suke a yanayi daban-daban. A cikin wannan tsarin akwai wasu matakai waɗanda zamu iya taƙaita su a cikin matakai masu zuwa:
- An kawo wani adadin zafi ga na'urar. Wannan adadin zafin yana zuwa ne daga matattarar ruwa mai zafi mai zafi.
- Motar tana aiki da aiki saboda wannan zafi da za'a kawo
- Ana amfani da wani zafin wasu kuma wasu suna lalacewa. Ana jujjuya sharar zuwa tankin zafin wanda yake a ƙarancin zafin jiki.
Da zarar mun ga duk matakan, zamu ga menene matakan zagayen Carnot. Ana yin nazarin waɗannan matakan ta hanyar zane wanda aka auna matsa lamba da ƙarar. Manufar injin na iya kasancewa ko dai a sanya lamba mai lamba biyu sanyi ta hanyar cire zafi daga gare ta. A wannan yanayin zamuyi magana game da na'urar sanyaya. Idan, akasin haka, maƙasudin shine don canja wurin zafi zuwa matattarar ruwa mai lamba ɗaya, to, muna magana ne game da famfo mai zafi.
Idan muka binciki matsi da zane mai girma zamu ga cewa ana nuna canje-canje a cikin matsi da zafin jikin injin ɗin a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa waɗanda sune masu zuwa:
- Idan dai zazzabi ya zama na dindindin. Anan muna magana ne game da tsarin isothermal.
- Babu canja wurin zafi. Anan ne muke da rufin zafi.
Matakan Isarmal suna buƙatar haɗawa da juna kuma ana samun wannan ta hanyar haɓakar thermal.
Matakai na sake zagayowar Carnot
A farkon farawa zamu iya farawa tare da kowane ɓangare na sake zagayowar wanda iskar gas ke da takamaiman yanayi na matsi, girma da zafin jiki. Wannan kuma gas din zai sha jerin tsarukan da zasu kaishi ga komawa yanayin farawa. Da zarar gas din ya koma yadda yake na farko, yana cikin cikakkiyar yanayi don fara sake zagayowar. Ana ba da waɗannan sharuɗɗan muddin ƙarfin ciki a ƙarshen daidai yake da na ciki a farkon. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana kiyaye makamashi. Mun riga mun san cewa makamashi ba'a halicce shi ba kuma ba'a lalata shi ba, amma kawai ya canza.
Mataki na farko na zagayen Carnot ya dogara ne akan faɗaɗa isothermal. A wannan matakin, tsarin yana ɗaukar zafi daga tankin zafin 1 kuma yana fuskantar fadada isothermal. Saboda haka, yawan gas yana ƙaruwa kuma matsa lamba yana raguwa. Koyaya, yawan zafin jiki na nan daram tunda lokacin da iskar gas ta faɗaɗa sai ta huce. Sabili da haka, mun san cewa makamashinta na cikin gida yana ci gaba da kasancewa akan lokaci.
A mataki na biyu muna da adiabatic fadada. Adiabatic yana nufin cewa tsarin bai samu ko rasa zafi ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar sanya gas a cikin rufin zafi kamar yadda aka nuna a sama. Sabili da haka, a cikin haɓaka adiabatic ƙarar tana ƙaruwa kuma matsin yana raguwa har sai ya kai ƙimar ta mafi ƙasƙanci.
A cikin mataki na uku muna da matsi na isothermal. Anan zamu cire rufin kuma tsarin ya haɗu da lambar tanki mai lamba 2, wanda zai kasance a ƙananan zafin jiki. A saboda wannan dalili, tsarin yana da alhakin canja wurin zafin sharar da ba'a yi amfani da shi zuwa wannan tankin na zafin ba. Yayinda zafin ya sake, matsin zai fara karuwa kuma karfin ya ragu.
A ƙarshe, a matakin ƙarshe na sake zagayowar Carnot muna daadiabatic matsawa. Anan zamu koma mataki na rufin ɗumi mai zafi ta hanyar tsarin. Matsin lamba yana ƙaruwa ƙara har sai ya sake isa yanayin farko. Sabili da haka, sake zagayowar ya shirya don sake farawa.
Iyakokin
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, injin Carnot ya zama cikakke. Wannan yana nufin cewa tana da iyakokinta tunda ainihin injiniyoyi basu da ingancin 100%. Mun san cewa injunan Carnot guda biyu suna da aiki iri ɗaya idan dukansu suna aiki tare da tafkunan zafi ɗaya. Wannan bayanin yana nufin cewa na damu da kayan da muke amfani da su, tunda aikin zai kasance mai zaman kansa ne gaba ɗaya kuma ba za'a iya ɗaga shi ba.
Arshen abin da muka zana daga binciken da ya gabata shi ne cewa zagayowar Carnot shine saman tsarin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin ɗarɗar yanayin da za a iya kaiwa daidai. A wasu kalmomin, bayan wannan, babu injin da zai fi dacewa. Mun sani cewa gaskiyar rufin zafin jiki ba cikakke bane kuma matakan adiabatic ba su wanzu, tunda akwai musayar zafi tare da waje.
Game da mota, toshewar injin yana zafi kuma a ɗaya hannun, cakuda mai da iska ba ya yin daidai, kuna sadarwa daidai gwargwado. Ba tare da ambaton wasu dalilai ba haifar da raguwar aiki.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da zagayowar Carnot da halayenta.