A yau zamuyi magana ne akan tsarin kwayar halitta wacce ake amfani da ita a duniyar kimiyyar lissafi kuma tana da amfani ƙwarai. Labari ne game da yalwar. Kuma shine tsari na uku mafi daidaitaccen tsarin kwayoyin halitta wanda aka sani yau. Zai iya ɗaukar sifa mai faɗi, elliptical, bututu ko zobe. An gano shi kusan bazata a cikin 1985.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku game da duk halaye, ganowa da aikace-aikacen fullerenes.
Babban fasali
Masana kimiyya ne suka gano Fullerenes Harold Kroto, Robert Curl da Richard Smalley a shekarar 1985 a Amurka Kusan ba zato ba tsammani amma hakan ya basu damar karbar kyautar Nobel a Chemistry a shekarar 1996. An gabatar da wannan lasisin ne a 1990 kuma daga baya aka buga shi. Waɗannan sababbi ne, ƙwayoyin carbon masu karko sosai. A zahiri, an san su da sanannen sanannen sanannen sanannen ƙwayar carbon bayan lu'u lu'u-lu'u da hoto.
Fullerenes sun sami asali sakamakon wani gwajin da aka gudanar tare da ƙwayoyin carbon. Lambar izinin mallakar da aka kirkira tana nufin hanyar farko don samar da adadi mai yawa na kayan abu ya tafi gano sinadarin da kansa. Abin da aka yi kokarin haƙƙin mallaka shi ne hanyar ƙirƙirar da yawa a cikin fullerene don cin riba daga gare ta.
A waccan shekarar an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri. A Jami’ar Rice da ke Houston, Harold Kroto na Jami’ar Southampton da Richard Smalley da Robert Curl na Rice, sun yi wani gwaji wanda ya dogara da kokarin kwaikwayon duk yanayin da suke faruwa a kusa da wata tauraruwa. Makasudin wannan gwajin shine sanin yadda manyan kwayoyin ke samuwa a sararin samaniya. Don yin wannan, sun yi amfani da katako mai ƙarfi na laser akan yanayin carbon a gaban iskar helium. Da farko an gwada shi da hydrogen da nitrogen amma daga ƙarshe sai da nitrogen.
Da zarar an gauraya katako mai amfani da leza a saman carbon a gaban helium, zai yiwu a lura da yadda iskar gas din ta hade da helium ta zama gungu. Dole ne a sanyaya iskar gas zuwa kusan sifilin don gudanar da bincike na ɗumbin gungu. Sun juya zuwa C60, wanda ke nufin hakan akwai atamfa 60 a cikin kwayar halitta daya. A wancan lokacin, masana kimiyya ba su taɓa ganin irin wannan ba. Kuma shine cewa tsarin tsari ne mai kamar Buckminster Fuller's geodesic vault, saboda haka sunan fullerenes.
Aikace-aikacen fullerenes
Tunda sun kasa sake kirkirar fullerene a kan kwamfuta, sai suka koma ga takarda, almakashi, da tef. Wannan shine yadda ake yiwa wannan mahallin baftisma a matsayin cikakke. Mun san cewa atom ɗin atom suna haɗuwa da juna kuma zasu iya haɗuwa don samar da dogayen sarƙoƙin polymer. Ana amfani da waɗannan polymer a cikin samfuran kamar kofunan filastik da kwalabe.
Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan burgewa na fullerenes shine wasu daga cikinsu suna da electrons daga ƙwayoyin atom waɗanda aka keɓance su. Ana iya cewa dabi'un wadannan electron kamar basu gane cewa suna daga cikin tsarin carbon ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa tare da irin wannan ɗabi'ar, yana yiwuwa a ƙara wasu atom ɗin cikin sauƙi don gina manyan masanan ko insulators. Bayan ƙirƙirar haƙƙin mallaka, an rubuta rahotanni da yawa game da ɗalibai da damar da ya bayar.
Kodayake waɗannan mahaɗan har yanzu sababbi ne, masana kimiyya sun fito da dabaru daban-daban waɗanda suke neman su canza tsarin ƙwararrun masanan don samar da zaren igiya mara kyau mallaki sau 200 karfin karfin karfe. Da alama ɗayan amfani da fullerene shine ƙirƙirar ƙaramar tweezers don tattara ƙungiyoyin kwayoyin ko kwantena waɗanda ke ɗaukar ɗaukar ƙananan ƙwayoyi ko garkuwar yaƙi da aikin rediyo. Hakanan za'a iya canza shi zuwa kejin da ke aiki don ƙunsar wasu ƙwayoyin da ke bawa wasu ƙananan girma damar wucewa. Idan aka kara wasu nau'ikan atom, za'a iya samun wasu halaye na musamman, kamar su auna karfin juriya.
Kadarorin fullerenes
Waɗannan su ne ramuka marasa tsari waɗanda za a iya ƙirƙira su a cikin yanayi sakamakon gobara ko walƙiya. Idan muka bincika su a zahiri, za mu ga cewa suna cikin sifar ruwan hoda. Alamarsa ta kimiyya ita ce C60 kuma tana nufin adadin ƙwayoyin carbon a cikin wannan kwayar. Suna iya nakasawa amma sun koma yadda suke na ainihi lokacin da matsin lambar da aka musu ya fara raguwa.
Amfanin fullerenes da buƙatar patenting shine cewa suna da ƙarfi sosai. Kuma shine don lalata waɗannan ƙwayoyin, ana buƙatar yanayin zafi sama da digiri 1000. Wadannan yanayin yanayin ba sauki ake samunsu a kullum ba. Ta hanyar samun sifa mai rufewa da daidaitawa, tana ba da babban juriya ga matsi. Yana da ƙarfin jimre matsin lamba na yanayi 3000.
Daga cikin dukiyar fullerenes muna ganin kaddarorin su na shafa mai. Larfin man shafawa ana bayarwa ne ta hanyar ƙarfin ƙarfin intermolecular. Itswayoyinta na iya tattarawa don samar da daskararru tare da daidaito da raunin ƙarfi. Wannan sanannen sanannen sananne ne da sunan fullerite. Idan muka nuna fullerene zuwa yanayin yanayin zafi sosai, zamu ga cewa suna iya sublimation ba tare da rasa bangarorin ba. Itswayoyinta suna yin wutan lantarki sosai kuma suna haɗuwa tare da atom wanda ke ba da lantarki.
Zamu iya yanke hukunci cewa fullerenes sabbin kayan aiki ne waɗanda ke haifar da ingantattun tsarin tsari guda biyu kuma hakan yana haifar da babbar sha'awa ga ƙungiyar masana kimiyya. Musamman wannan sha'awa yana mai da hankali ne daga mahangar superconductivity. Ci gaba koyaushe a duk bincike akan waɗannan kayan na iya inganta fasahar yau da kullun don samar da abubuwa masu amfani don nan gaba.
Kamar yadda kake gani, a cikin kimiyya, ana iya gano abubuwa masu ban sha'awa sosai sakamakon kurakurai ko bin wasu manufofi. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da cikakkun yara da halayensu.