A cikin duniyar kimiyyar lissafi akwai reshe wanda ke da alhakin nazarin canje-canjen da zafin rana ke samarwa kuma yake aiki a cikin tsarin. Labari ne game da thermodynamics. Wani reshe ne na kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke da alhakin nazarin duk canje-canjen da kawai ke haifar da aiwatarwa waɗanda suka haɗa da canje-canje a cikin yanayin jihar na yanayin zafin jiki da kuzari a matakin macroscopic.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu fada muku duk abin da ya kamata ku sani game da yanayin zafi da kuma ka'idojin ilimin yanayin rayuwa.
Babban fasali
Idan muka yi nazarin ilimin kimiya na zamani zamu ga cewa ya dogara ne akan tsarin macroscopic. Wannan tsarin ba komai bane face wani yanki na zahiri ko mahanga wacce aka rabu da yanayin waje. Don ingantaccen tsarin nazarin yanayin zamani, koyaushe ana ɗauka cewa nauyi ne na zahiri wanda ba damuwa da musayar kuzari tare da yanayin halittar waje.
Yanayin tsarin macroscopic menene a ƙarƙashin yanayin daidaitaccen yanayi an ƙayyade shi ta yawancin da ake kira masu canjin yanayin thermodynamic. Mun san duk waɗannan masu canjin yanayin kuma yanayin zafin jiki ne, matsin lamba, ƙira da haɗin sunadarai. Duk waɗannan masu canjin sune suke ayyana tsarin da ma'auninsu. Babban sanarwar da aka samu a cikin yanayin tasirin sinadarai an kafa ta albarkacin ƙungiyar tarayyar ƙasa da aka yi amfani da ita. Tare da waɗannan rukunin za'a iya aiki da ingantaccen bayanin thermodynamics.
Koyaya, akwai wani reshe na ilimin kimiyar yanayi wanda baya nazarin daidaito, amma shine ke da alhakin nazarin hanyoyin thermodynamic waɗanda akasarinsu suke. rashin samun ikon isa ga daidaitattun yanayi cikin tsayayyar hanya.
Dokoki
An la'anci ka'idoji yayin karni na XNUMX Isa wadanda suka Su ke kula da tsara dukkan canje-canje da ci gaban su. Suna kuma yin nazarin menene ainihin iyakokin don samun ainihin ciki. Su axioms ne waɗanda ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba amma ba su da tabbaci dangane da ƙwarewa. Kowace ka'idar thermodynamics tana dogara ne akan wadannan ka'idojin. Zamu iya rarrabe ka'idoji 3 na asali gami da ka'idar amma wannan shine wanda ke bayyana yanayin zafin jiki kuma hakan a bayyane yake a sauran ka'idojin 3.
Siffar doka
Zamu bayyana menene wannan dokar sifili, wacce ita ce farkon wacce zata fara bayanin yanayin zafin da yake cikin sauran ka'idojin. Lokacin da tsarin biyu ke hulɗa da juna kuma ya kasance a cikin ma'aunin zafin jiki suna raba wasu kaddarorin. Waɗannan kaddarorin da suke rabawa tare da juna ana iya auna su kuma a basu ƙimar lamba. A sakamakon haka, idan tsarin biyu suna daidai da na uku, za su kasance daidai da juna kuma dukiyar da aka raba yanayin zafin jiki ne.
Saboda haka, wannan ƙa'idar amma a bayyane take cewa idan jiki A yana cikin daidaito tare da jikin B kuma wannan jikin B zai kasance cikin daidaitaccen yanayin zafi tare da jiki C, sannan jikin A da C suma za su kasance cikin daidaituwa na thermal. Wannan ƙa'idar ta bayyana gaskiyar cewa jiki biyu a yanayin zafi daban-daban na iya musayar zafi da juna. Ba da daɗewa ba ko kuma daga baya duka jikinsu ya kai zafin jiki iri ɗaya, don haka suna cikin daidaito.
Dokar Farko ta Thermodynamics
Lokacin da aka sanya jiki cikin ma'amala tare da jikin da ya fi sanyi, canji yana faruwa wanda zai kai ga yanayin daidaitawa. Wannan yanayin daidaito ya dogara ne da cewa yanayin zafin jikin biyu daidai yake tunda an inganta canzawar makamashi tsakanin jiki mai zafi ga jikin sanyi. Don bayanin wannan lamarin, masanan sun zaci cewa wani abu mai zafi wanda yake a cikin adadi mai yawa, ya wuce jikin mai sanyi. Anyi tunanin wani ruwa wanda zai iya motsawa cikin taro don samun damar musayar zafi.
Wannan ƙa'idar tana da alhakin gano zafi azaman nau'ikan kuzari. Ba kayan abu bane. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya nunawa cewa zafi, wanda aka auna da adadin kuzari da aiki, wanda aka auna shi a cikin joules, daidai yake. Saboda haka, a yau mun san haka 1 kalori kusan joules 4,186.
Ana iya cewa ka'idar thermodynamics ta farko ka'ida ce ta kiyaye kuzari. Adadin makamashi a cikin injin zafin jiki ya canza zuwa aiki kuma ana iya ganin kowane inji wanda zai iya samar da irin wannan aikin ba tare da cinye makamashi ba. Zamu iya kafa wannan ka'idar ta farko kamar: bambancin makamashin cikin gida na rufaffen tsarin thermodynamic yayi daidai da banbancin dake tsakanin zafin da aka kawo wa tsarin da aikin da aka ce tsarin a cikin muhalli.
Na biyu dokar thermodynamics
Wannan a farkon yana faɗi cewa ba shi yiwuwa a yi inji mai zagayawa wanda kawai ke haifar da canjin zafi daga jikin mai sanyi zuwa jikin dumi. Zamu iya cewa ba shi yiwuwa a aiwatar da canji wanda sakamakonsa ne kawai zai kasance na canza wutar da muka ciro daga tushe guda zuwa aikin inji.
Wannan ƙa'idar ita ce ke kula da musun yiwuwar wanzuwar yanayin halittar ta biyu. Mun san cewa ƙwanƙwasawa na tsarin yana kasancewa mara canzawa lokacin da sauya canji zai faru. Mun kuma sani cewa yana ƙaruwa lokacin da canji mai sauyawa ya faru.
Na uku doka na thermodynamics
Wannan ƙa'idar ta ƙarshe tana da alaƙa da ta biyu kuma ana ɗaukarsa sakamakonta. Wannan ƙa'idar ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a sami cikakkiyar halitta a launi tare da adadi mai yawa na canzawa. Mun san cewa babu cikakkiyar sifili bai wuce mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da za a iya kaiwa ba. A raka'a Kelvin mun san cewa 0 ne, amma a digiri Celsius yana da darajar -273.15 digiri.
Hakanan ya nuna cewa kwarin gwiwa mai kwalliya mai zafin jiki na 0 kelvin daidai yake da 0. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a sami mara yarda ba, don haka tsarin zai kasance cikakke. Energyarfin kuɓuta, fassarawa da juyawar ƙwayoyin da suka tsara shi ba zai zama komi ba a zazzabin 0 kelvin.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da yanayin zamani da ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun.