Tunda ilimin kimiyya ya bunkasa, duniya ta bunkasa ta hanyar tsalle-tsalle da iyakoki. Ingantaccen ilimin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin kimiyyar sinadarai, ilmin halitta da sauran fannoni ya ba dan adam damar samun salon rayuwa daban da irin wanda yake da shi yan shekarun baya. A yau zamuyi magana ne game da wani masanin kimiyya wanda yayi alama a gaba da bayanta kuma wanda ya fara wanzuwar ka'idar jimla. Ya game Max Plank.
Wannan masanin kimiyya an bashi lambar yabo ta Nobel kuma ana daukar sa a matsayin babban mai kirkirar ka’idar da zata kai ga cigaban kimiyya a fadin duniya. Shin kana son sanin amfani da tarihin Max Planck? Ci gaba da karatu saboda yana da ban sha'awa da sha'awa.
Wanene Max Planck?
Cikakken sunansa shine Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. Shi masanin kimiyyar Bajamushe ne wanda aka haifa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1858 a Kiel. Ya kasance babban mai bincike wanda yayi karatu a jami'o'in Munich da Berlin inda ya kirkiro duk wasu ka'idoji don haifar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na zamani. A shekarar 1885 aka nada shi a matsayin farfesan lissafi a jami'ar Kiel sannan daga baya a 1889 ya je jami'ar Berlin inda ya yi aiki a matsayin farfesa har zuwa 1928.
Yayin bincikensa, yana nazarin halayen kuzari da yadda yake aiki. Fitowar haske, tasirin gani, aikin kuzarin kuzari a cikin kwayoyin halittu daban-daban, da sauransu. A cikin 1900 ya sami nasarar kafa motsi na makamashi. Kuma shine cewa kuzarin yana haskakawa daban, ba cigaba ne mai gudana ba. Kowane bangare na makamashi an san shi da guda nawa. Daga wannan sunan ne aka kira ka'idar jimla.
Wannan ka'idar jimla ta fara samun nasara a cikin masana kimiyya kuma ta ba da damar bayani kan abubuwa da yawa wadanda ba a san su ba har zuwa wannan lokacin. A lokacin ne, ci gaba da bincikensa, ya sami damar gano yanayin ɗabi'ar duniya. Tun daga nan mun san shi kamar yadda Planck yake akai. Godiya ga wannan binciken, a yau yana yiwuwa a san abubuwa da yawa game da aiki da kuzari kuma an sauƙaƙe dubban ƙididdiga, tunda wannan lamarin ba ya canzawa koyaushe.
Theoryididdigar jimla
Ka'idar jimla ta Planck ta bayyana haka energyarfin da kowane jimla yake da shi daidai yake da ƙarfin yawan hasken da aka ninka ta yanayin duniya. Wato, yana nuna mana halaye na kuzari na kowane jimla ko kowane bangare na kwararar kuzari. Wannan yana da matukar amfani domin sanin yadda karfin wutar lantarki yake gudana daga kayan aiki har ma da karfin kuzari a yanayi.
Abubuwan da ya gano basu lalata ka'idar da ta gabata ba cewa radiation yana tafiya ta raƙuman ruwa. Bayan yawan karatun da suka biyo baya, masana kimiyya yanzu suna tunanin cewa rawanin electromagnetic yana motsawa ta hanyar hada kaddarorin rakuman ruwa da na kwayar zarra.
Kamar koyaushe idan sabon abu ya faru wanda ya karya duk abin da aka kafa (duba Ka'idar Bautar Kasa) an ƙi shi da farko daga ƙungiyar masana kimiyya. Kuna buƙatar ingantattun hujjoji da hujjoji da shaidu don tabbatar da abin da kuke magana akai. Saboda haka, abubuwan binciken da Planck yayi daga baya kuma wasu masana kimiyya suka tabbatar dasu. Godiya ga wadannan abubuwan da aka gano, kimiyyar lissafi ta fara aiki a wani fanni daban daban da ci gaba. Wannan fanni na kimiyyar lissafi an san shi da masana kimiyyar lissafi kuma shine yake kafa dukkan ilimin da ake bukata don nazarin makamashin atom. Idan komai a duniyar tamu ya kunshi atom da kwayoyin, sanin kuzarinsu da yadda suke aiki yana da matukar mahimmanci.
a 1905 sun fahimci mahimmancin ra'ayoyin Albert Einstein akan aikin lantarki. Dukansu sun haɗu a cikin aikinsu a matsayinsu na masana kimiyyar lissafi waɗanda suka yi aiki don kawo canji a duniyar.
Max Planck da Albert Einstein
Tunda Planck ya kasa ci gaba sosai a nasa binciken, ya zama tushe ga sauran masana kimiyya kamar Einstein don haɓaka ƙarin ra'ayoyi. A cikin 1905, Einstein ya wallafa ka'idar da aka sani da tasirin hoto tare da lissafi da bincike na Planck. Ya sami damar nuna cewa ƙwayoyin da ke cikin wutar lantarki suna da ikon sha da fitar da kuzari a cikin daidaitattun kalmomi kamar ƙarfin haske ko jujjuyawar.
Waɗannan ƙa'idodin jimla suna daɗa zama masu dacewa a duniyar kimiyyar lissafi har sai, a cikin 1930, sun kasance tushen tushe na sabon kimiyyar lissafi. Tare da binciken da Planck yayi kuma ya canza duniyar ilmin lissafi, ya ci kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Nobel Prize a Physics. Ya yi nasara a cikin 1918. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 1930, lokacin da ya gama aikinsa a Jami'ar Berlin, an zaɓe shi shugaban Kaiser William Society for the Advancement of Science. Daga baya an kira shi Max Planck Society.
A wancan lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya fara kuma Planck ya yi artabu da Hitler saboda adawarsa ga mulkin Nazi. A lokuta da dama dole ne ya yi roƙo ga abokan aikinsa na yahudawa don taimaka musu. Dole ne ya bar ƙungiyar a cikin 1933 don zama shugaban ƙasa lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙare.
Wahala da ci gaba
Ba duk abin da Max Planck ke da shi a rayuwarsa yake da kyau ba. Hakanan dole ne ya sha wahala kuma ya magance masifu da yawa. Na farko shi ne, a shekarar 1909 yana dan shekara 50, ya sha wahala mutuwar matarsa bayan shekaru 22 da aure. Ya bar ’ya’ya maza biyu da mata biyu tagwaye. Babbansu ya mutu a yakin da aka yi a lokacin yakin duniya na farko a shekarar 1916. ‘Ya’yan matan biyu sun mutu a wajen haihuwa kuma gidansu ya ruguje a 1944 da bama-bamai.
Baya ga wannan duka, kamar dai hakan bai isa ba, ɗan ƙarami yana da hannu cikin aikata laifi kan rayuwar Hitler kuma ya mutu a cikin mummunar hanya a cikin 1945. Dole ne ya tsira da dukan iyalinsa har sai, tare da matarsa ta biyu da 'yarsa daga wannan, suka koma Göttingen, inda ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1947 yana da shekara 90.
Ina fatan kuna son wannan tarihin rayuwar na Max Planck.