Za'a iya bayyana ma'anar iska a matsayin babban rabo na iska wanda ke da tsawo a kwance na tsawan kilomita ɗari da yawa. Yana da kaddarorin jiki kamar zafin jiki, ƙanshi mai laushi da ɗan gajeren zafin jiki na tsaye waɗanda suke da ƙari ko ƙasa ɗaya. Tun da talakawan iska Suna da matukar mahimmanci ga yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi, zamu sadaukar da wannan cikakkiyar labarin don sanin halayen su da tasirin su.
Idan kana son sanin duk abin da ya danganci yawan iska, wannan sakon ka ne.
Ire-iren tarin iska
Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, wannan babban yanki na iska wanda yake da fadada a kwance da kuma wasu halaye na zahiri shine muke kira yawan iska. An rarraba su bisa ga kaddarorin jiki waɗanda suka mallaka, musamman ta yanayin zafin jiki. Dogaro da yawan zafin jikin iska muna samun talakawa masu sanyi, kamar su arctic da polar, ko dumi, kamar talakawan iska masu zafi. Hakanan akwai wasu nau'ikan rarrabuwa gwargwadon yanayin zafin nashi, ma'ana, abinda yake tururin ruwa. Talakawan iska tare da kadan abun cikin tururin ruwa ana kiransa nahiyoyin duniya. A gefe guda, waɗancan cewa idan sunzo dauke da danshi, to sune na maritime, saboda yawanci suna cikin yankunan da ke kusa da teku.
Akwai yankuna masu matsakaici inda muke samun iska a cikin hunturu da bazara kuma suna haɗuwa da irin su. Waɗannan yankuna sune ake kira gaban gaban iska da Yankin Haɓakawar Yanayi.
Dynamics na yawan iska
Yanzu zamuyi nazari ne kan tasirin karfin iska don kara fahimtar sa. Akwai motsi a cikin jirgin sama na kwance na yawan iska wanda ke sanyaya ta matsin yanayi wanda yake wanzuwa a saman duniya. Wannan motsi na talakawan iska sanannu ne da matsin lamba. Iska yakan matsa daga yankin da yafi matsi zuwa inda ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan zagayawa shine abin da ke tabbatar da iska ko gradient.
An bayyana gradient ta banbancin matsi wanda zamu iya samu. Mafi girman bambancin matsi gwargwadon ƙarfin iska da ke kewaya. Waɗannan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙimar matsa lamba na jirgin kwance suna da alhakin canje-canje a cikin hanzarin talakawan iska. Wannan hanzarin an bayyana shi azaman canji cikin ƙarfi ta kowace ƙungiya kuma yana da alaƙa da isobars. Wannan hanzari ana kiransa ƙarfin ƙarfin matsa lamba. Imar wannan ƙarfin ya kasance daidai da ƙimar iska kuma daidai yake da ma'aunin matsin lamba.
Coriolis sakamako
El sakamakon coriolis Sanadiyar jujjuyawar Duniya ne yake haifar dashi. Bambanci ne wanda duniya take samarwa akan talakawan iska saboda hakikanin samun jujjuyawar. Wannan karkatarwar da duniyar tamu tayi akan talakawan iska saboda motsi na juyawa ana kiranta da tasirin Coriolis.
Idan muka bincika shi daga mahallin yanayin, ana iya cewa yawancin iska kamar suna tafiya akan tsarin daidaitawa mai motsi. Girman ƙarfin Coriolis a kowane juzu'i daidai yake da saurin kwance wanda iska ke ɗauka a wannan lokacin da saurin juyawar duniya na kusurwa. Wannan karfin kuma ya sha bamban dangane da yanayin da muke ciki. Misali, idan muna cikin Equator, tare da latitude 0, an soke karfin Coriolis gaba daya. Koyaya, idan muka je kan sandunan, anan ne zamu sami mafi girman ƙimar Coriolis, tunda latitude ɗin tana da digiri 90.
Ana iya cewa ƙarfin Coriolis koyaushe yana aiki daidai da jagorancin motsi na iska. Ta wannan hanyar, akwai karkacewa zuwa dama duk lokacin da muke cikin yankin arewacin duniya, kuma zuwa hagu idan muna cikin yankin kudu.
Iskar Geostrophic
Tabbas cikin lokaci kun ji shi wani lokaci ko akan labarai. Iskar geostrophic ita ce wacce aka samu a ciki yanayin kyauta daga tsayin mita 1000 da hurawa kusan perpendicular zuwa gradient gradient. Idan kun bi hanyar iskar geostrophic, ƙila ku sami maɓuɓɓu masu ƙarfi a hannun dama da ƙananan matsi masu hagu a hagu a arewacin arewacin.
Tare da wannan zamu iya ganin cewa ƙarfin ma'aunin matsin lamba an daidaita shi da ƙarfin Coriolis. Wannan saboda suna aiki ne a hanya guda, amma a cikin akasin hakan. Gudun wannan iska ya daidaita daidai da sino na latitude. Yana nufin cewa don kwatancen matsin lamba guda ɗaya wanda ke haɗuwa da iska ta geostrophic, zamu ga yadda saurin yawo ke raguwa yayin da muke matsawa zuwa manyan tsaunuka.
Ricarfin tashin hankali da Ekman karkace
Zamu ci gaba da bayanin wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin tasirin karfin iska. Faddamarwar iska, yayin da wasu lokuta ana ɗaukarta mara kyau, bazai buƙaci ba. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa gogayyar da takeyi da fuskar duniya tana da matukar tasiri akan ƙaura ta ƙarshe. Yana sa saurin iska ya ragu lokacin da yake kusa da farfajiyar zuwa ƙimomin da ke ƙasa da iskar geostrophic. Bugu da ari, yana sa shi wucewa ta cikin isobars mafi ƙanƙancewa a cikin hanyar ɗan tayin matsin lamba.
Farfin gogayya koyaushe yana aiki a cikin kishiyar shugabanci zuwa motsi tare da yawan iska. Idan digon rashin kulawa game da isobars ya ragu, tasirin gogayya zai ragu, yayin da muke ƙaruwa zuwa wani tsayi, kimanin mita 1000. A wannan tsayin iskoki suna geostrophic kuma ƙarfin gogayya kusan babu shi. Sakamakon tasirin tashin hankali akan farfajiya, iska tana daukar hanyar karkace wacce aka fi sani da Ekman karkace.
Kamar yadda kake gani, tasirin yanayin iska yana da rikitarwa sosai. Akwai dalilai da yawa da za a yi la'akari da su. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da shi kuma ku bayyana wasu shakku.