Ofayan ɗayan abubuwanda ake amfani dasu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma ilimin kimiya shine takamaiman zafi. Musamman, da takamaiman zafin ruwa ana buƙatar shi sosai a kusan kowane irin gwaji. Abu na farko da za ayi shine sanin menene takamaiman zafi da sanin mahimmancin sanin wannan ƙimar a ruwa.
Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da takamaiman zafin ruwa da mahimmancinsa.
Menene takamaiman zafi
Don abu don ƙara yawan zafinsa ana buƙatar adadin kuzari. Dole ne a ba da wannan adadin kuzarin a yanayin zafi. Wannan shine abin da aka sani da takamaiman zafi. Wani suna wanda aka san shi shine takamaiman ƙarfin zafi. Wannan ƙimar ce ta ba mu damar bayanin dalilin da ya sa cokali na katako zai iya yin ɗumi a hankali da kuma ci gaba fiye da cokali na hankali. Hakanan yana bayanin dalilin da yasa muke amfani da wasu kayan don mu iya gina wasu kayan aiki da kayan aiki gwargwadon amfani da aka ɗaga.
Da wannan muke bayyana ma'anar kimiyyar lissafi a matsayin takamaiman zafi yawan kuzarin da dole ne a canza shi zuwa abu guda na abu don kara yawan zafin nasa da digiri daya. Kusan takamaiman zafin ruwa kusan ana amfani dashi azaman misali. Wato, yawan kuzarin da ake buƙata don iya dumama ruwa mataki ɗaya a cikin zafinsa. Mun san cewa idan aka canza joules na makamashi 4182 zuwa kilogram na ruwa wanda yake a yanayin zafin ɗaki, wannan adadin ruwan zai ɗaga zafin nasa da mataki ɗaya. Daga wannan zamu iya samun ƙimar cewa takamaiman zafin ruwa daidai yake da joules 4182 a kowace kilogram da digiri.
Rabayen takamaiman zafin ruwa
Mun san cewa takamaiman zafin ruwan za a iya bayyana shi a cikin raka'a daban-daban. Yawancin lokaci Rukunin makamashi, taro da zafin jiki dole ne a nuna su don juyawa gaba ɗaya. Tsarin ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙungiya muna da joule a kowace kilogram wanda shine taro da kelvin wannan shine zafin jiki. A wasu kayan, wannan ƙimar ta banbanta tunda ana amfani da takamaiman zafin ruwa azaman tushe ko abin nuni ga sauran ƙimomin. Misali, takamaiman zafin karfe shine 502 joules a kowace kilogram da kelvin. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a buƙaci joules na makamashi 502 na kilogram na ƙarfe don ƙara yawan zafinsa da kelvin ɗaya.
Wata hanyar don bayyana takamaiman zafin ruwa ko wani abu yana cikin wasu raka'a. Misali, zaka iya saita adadin kuzari a kowane gram da digiri Celsius. Muna maimaita misalin karfe. A wannan yanayin, takamaiman zafin zai zama adadin kuzari 0.12 a kowane gram da digiri Celsius. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar adadin kuzari na 0.12 na makamashi a cikin yanayin zafi don samun damar ƙaruwa da zafin jiki da digiri ɗaya na gram na ƙarfe.
Babban fasali
Kafin shiga cikakke cikin takamaiman zafin ruwa, ya zama dole a san sarai abin da halayensa suke. Yana da wani cikakken kayan jiki wanda bai dogara da yawan abu ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa, ba tare da la'akari da yawan abubuwan da muke da su ba, ana buƙatar makamashi ɗaya don ƙara yawan zafin sa. A gefe guda, takamaiman zafi na iya bambanta a yanayin zafi daban-daban. Wannan yana nufin cewa adadin kuzarin da za mu buƙaci canzawa don iya haɓaka yanayin zafin jiki digiri ɗaya ba ɗaya bane wanda dole ne a canja shi a zafin ɗakin da yake digiri 100 ko 0. Babban misali mafi kyau ga wannan shine dogaro da yanayin zafi na takamaiman zafin ruwa. Mun ga cewa a yanayin zafi daban-daban takamaiman zafin ruwa ya bambanta.
Zamu iya cewa dukiya ce wacce abubuwa ke da ita kuma wancan yana da dangantaka da adadin kuzarin da yake dauka don kara zafin sa. Wani fasali mafi mahimmanci da ruwa ke dashi shine cewa yana da babban takamaiman zafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa don ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ruwa, suna buƙatar ɗaukar zafi mai yawa a kowane ma'auni.
Heatayyadadden zafin ruwan ya bambanta dangane da ko ana riƙe ƙarar a tsaye ko an riƙe matsa lamba akai. Waɗannan masu canji suma suna saita wasu ƙimomin dangane da waɗannan sharuɗɗan. Idan muka koma zuwa juzu'in abu sai mu koma ga takamaiman zafi na isochoric. A gefe guda, idan muka koma zuwa matsin lamba akai-akai, za mu nuna cewa takamaiman zafi na musamman ne. Idan zamuyi aiki, wannan banbancin ana yin sa ne musamman yayin aiki da gas ba wai taya da ruwa ba.
Mahimmancin takamaiman zafin ruwa
Mun san cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai nauyin kilogram na ruwa yana buƙatar kilo 1 don yanayin zafinsa ya ɗaga 1 ºC, watau, 1 kcal / ° C • kg, wanda yayi daidai da 4184 J / (K • kg) a cikin tsarin duniya. Mun san cewa wannan takamaiman zafi shine mafi girma fiye da kowane mahimmin abu. Idan muka sanya kwandon ruwa tare da ruwa a cikin cikakken rana a lokacin rani zai iya zama mai dumi da dumi. Koyaya, ba zai kara zafin jiki da zai isa ya dafa ko dafa kwai a ciki ba. A gefe guda kuma, idan muka sanya sandar ƙarfe wataƙila ba za ku iya ɗauka ba tunda zafin nasa zai yi yawa har ya ƙone.
Takamaiman zafin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda haɗin hydrogen da ake yin kwayoyin halittar ruwa dashi. Nau'in mu'amala ne tsakanin kwayoyin da ke da ƙarfi wanda ke buƙatar kuzari da yawa don sa su rawar jiki da haɓaka zafin su. Abubuwan haɗin hydrogen suna da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana buƙatar kuzari don motsawa. Sabili da haka, ajiye tafasasshen ruwan yana buƙatar samar da makamashi ci gaba.
Hakanan mahimmancin da yake da shi ana watsa shi a yanayin yanayi. Gaskiyar cewa ruwa yana da wannan ƙarfin zafi na shekara shekara gaskiya ne mai ban sha'awa idan ba a muhimmiyar dukiya wacce ke taimakawa musamman daidaita yanayi da yanayi gabaɗaya. Ta hanyar samun wannan takamaiman takamaiman zafi, mun san cewa manyan ruwa suna da alhakin daidaita canjin canjin yanayi a duk duniya. Idan ba haka ba, da alama yanayin ba zai kasance da halaye irin na yau ba.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da takamaiman zafin ruwa da mahimmancinsa.