Herirar atomic Rutherford

Herirar atomic Rutherford

Bayan sani Tsarin atom na Thomson, wanda yayi la'akari da electrons don kasancewa cikin matsakaiciyar cajin matsakaici, ƙirar ci gaba wacce aka sani da Herirar atomic Rutherford. Masanin kimiyyar da ke kula da wannan sabon ci gaban kimiyya shine Ernest Rutherford. An haife shi ne a 20 ga watan Agusta, 1871 kuma ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1937. A lokacin rayuwarsa ya ba da babbar gudummawa a fannin ilimin sinadarai da duniyar kimiyya gaba ɗaya.

Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da samfurin atom na Rutherford.

Gwajin Ganyen Zinare

Tsarin ganye na zinariya

Tsohon samfurin thomson ya ce electrons suna cikin matsakaiciyar caji. A cikin 1909, Ernest Rutherford, tare da mataimakansa biyu masu suna Geiger da Marsden, sun yi wani bincike da aka sani da gwajin Zinariyar Zinariya inda suka sami damar tabbatar da hakan Sanannen sanannen "zabin pudding" na Thomson bai yi daidai ba. Kuma wannan sabon gwajin ya sami damar nuna cewa kwayar zarra tana da tsari mai karfin gaske. Wannan gwajin ba zai iya taimakawa sake sake kafa wasu maganganun da aka ƙare gabatarwa azaman samfurin atom na Rutherford a cikin 1911.

Gwajin da aka sani da Ganyen Zinare ba na musamman bane amma ana yin su ne tsakanin 1909 da 1913. Don wannan, sun yi amfani da shi dakunan gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar Manchester. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen sun kasance masu matukar mahimmanci tunda za'a iya kirkirar sabbin abubuwa daga sakamakon su, wanda ya haifar da samfurin kwayar zarra.

Wannan gwajin ya kunshi masu zuwa: wani siririn zinare mai kauri 100nm kawai dole ne a jefa shi tare da adadi mai yawa na alpha. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin alpha sun kasance kuma ions. Wato, atom wadanda basu da lantarki, saboda haka suna da proton da neutron kawai. Ta hanyar samun neutron da proton, jimlar kudin zarra ta kasance tabbatacciya. Wannan gwajin yafi kasancewa da manufar tabbatar da ko samfurin Thomson yayi daidai. Idan wannan samfurin ya yi daidai, tilas ne alpha ya bi ta atomatik zinare a madaidaiciya.

Don yin nazarin karkatarwar da kwayoyin alpha suka haifar, dole ne a sanya matatar zinc sulfide mai haske a kusa da takardar zinariya mai kyau. Sakamakon wannan gwajin shi ne cewa an lura cewa wasu barbashi sun sami damar wucewa ta atomatik zinare na takardar a madaidaiciya. Koyaya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin alpha an karkatar da su ta hanyar bazuwar.

Kammalawa na gwajin Zinariyar Zinariya

Gwaje-gwajen

Idan aka ba da wannan gaskiyar, ba zai yiwu a tabbatar da abin da samfuran atom na baya suke ɗauka ba. Kuma shi ne cewa waɗannan samfurin atom ɗin sun nuna cewa an rarraba caji mai kyau daidai a cikin atomatik kuma wannan zai kawo sauƙin ƙetare shi tunda cajinsa ba zai yi ƙarfi sosai a wani lokaci ba.

Sakamakon wannan gwajin na Ganyen Zinare ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani. Wannan ya sanya Rutherford yayi tunanin cewa kwayar zarra tana da cibiya mai karfin gaske wanda aka yi shi lokacin da kwayar alfa yi ƙoƙarin ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar tsarin tsakiya. Don kafa tushen tabbataccen tushe, ana la'akari da ƙididdigar yawancin waɗanda aka nuna da waɗanda ba a ba. Godiya ga wannan zaɓi na barbashi, yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade girman cibiya idan aka kwatanta da kewayawar wutan lantarki kewaye da shi. Hakanan za'a iya kammala cewa yawancin sararin zarra fanko ne.

Ana iya ganinta, ta hanyar zinariya ta ɓatar da wasu ƙananan alpha. Wasu daga cikinsu sun karkace ne kawai a ƙananan ƙananan kusurwa. Wannan ya taimaka yanke hukunci cewa tabbataccen cajin akan kwayar zarra ba a rarraba ta ba. Wato, tabbataccen cajin yana kan kwayar zarra ne ta hanyar da ta dace a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramin sarari.

Particlesananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin alpha suka yi ta duwawu. Wannan karkatarwa yana nuna kamar haka ya ce barbashi na iya sake dawowa. Godiya ga duk waɗannan sabbin abubuwan la'akari, za'a iya kafa samfurin atom na Rutherford tare da sabbin dabaru.

Herirar atomic Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford ne adam wata

Zamuyi nazarin menene ka'idojin kwayar atom na Rutherford:

  • Barbashi wanda ke da tabbataccen caji a cikin zarra an tsara su a cikin ƙaramin ƙarami idan muka kwatanta shi da jimillar ƙarar da aka ce atom.
  • Kusan duk nauyin da kwayar zarra take a wannan ƙaramin ƙaramin da aka ambata. Wannan mahaɗin na ciki an kira shi tsakiya.
  • Electron dake da mummunan caji ana samun su suna jujjuyawar mahaifa.
  • Elektron suna juyawa cikin babban gudu alokacin da suke kusa da cibiya kuma suna yin hakan a madaidaiciyar hanya. Wadannan hanyoyin an kira su orbits. Daga baya zan an san su da suna orbitals.
  • Duk wayannan wutan lantarki wadanda aka yiwa caji mara kyau da kuma cibiya na kwayar zarra da kanta suna tare koyaushe tare da godiya ga karfi mai jan hankali na lantarki.

Yarda da iyakokin samfurin atom na Rutherford

Kamar yadda ake tsammani, wannan sabon samfurin ya hango wani sabon hoto na zarra a duniyar kimiyya. Godiya ga wannan samfurin kwayar zarra, da yawa daga baya masana kimiyya na iya yin nazari da tantance adadin electron da kowane abu a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci yake da shi. Kari akan haka, ana iya yin sabbin abubuwa wadanda zasu taimaka wajen bayanin aikin kwayar zarra a hanya mafi sauki.

Koyaya, wannan ƙirar ɗin tana da iyakancewa da ƙwari. Kodayake ya kasance ci gaba ne a duniyar kimiyyar lissafi, amma ba su kasance cikakke ko cikakkun samfura ba. Kuma wannan shine bisa ga dokokin Newton da kuma wani muhimmin al'amari na dokokin Maxwell, wannan samfurin ba zai iya bayyana wasu abubuwa ba:

  • Ba zai iya bayanin yadda tuhume-tuhume marasa kyau suka iya kasancewa tare a cibiya ba. Dangane da tibia ta lantarki, caji mai kyau dole ne ya tunkude juna.
  • Wani sabani kuma shine ga muhimman ka'idojin ilimin lantarki. Idan za'a yi la'akari da wutan lantarki masu dauke da tabbataccen caji suyi jujjuya tsakiya, ya kamata su fitar da hasken lantarki. Ta hanyar fitar da wannan hasken, ana cinye kuzari don wutan lantarki su durkushe a tsakiya. Sabili da haka, ƙirar atomatik da aka faɗi ba zai iya bayyana daidaituwar kwayar zarra ba.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da samfurin atom na Rutherford.


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