El polonium (Po) ƙarfe ne mai ƙarancin ƙarfi kuma mai saurin canzawa. Kafin gano polonium da kwararre a fannin kimiyyar lissafi Marie Curie ta Poland-Faransa a 1898, uranium da thorium sune kawai abubuwan da aka sani na rediyoaktif.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk halaye, amfani da mahimmancin polonium.
Babban fasali
Abu ne mai wuya kuma mai saurin canzawa.. Curie ta sanya masa suna polonium bayan ƙasarta ta Poland. Polonium ba shi da ɗan amfani ga ɗan adam sai a cikin ƴan aikace-aikace masu barazana: An yi amfani da shi azaman mai ƙaddamarwa a cikin bam ɗin atomic na farko da kuma azaman guba da ake zargin guba a cikin manyan mutuwar mutane da yawa. A aikace-aikacen kasuwanci, ana amfani da polonium lokaci-lokaci don cire tsayayyen wutar lantarki daga injina ko ƙura daga fim. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi azaman tushen photothermal don wutar lantarki a cikin tauraron dan adam.
Polonium na cikin rukuni na 16 da lokaci na 6 na tebur na lokaci-lokaci. A cewar kungiyar Royal Society of Chemistry, an kasafta shi a matsayin karfe ne saboda yawan zafin jiki na polonium yana raguwa tare da karuwar zafin jiki.
Wannan sinadari ita ce mafi nauyi daga cikin chalcogens, rukunin abubuwan da aka fi sani da "kungiyar oxygen." Duk chacogens suna cikin taman tagulla. Sauran abubuwa a cikin rukunin chalcogen sun haɗa da oxygen, sulfur, selenium, da tellurium.
Akwai sanannun isotopes 33 na wannan sinadari (atom na sinadari ɗaya masu lambobi daban-daban na neutrons), kuma duk suna rediyoaktif. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na rediyoaktif na wannan kashi ya sa ya zama ɗan takarar da ya dace da bam ɗin atomic.
Halayen Jiki na Polonium
- Lambar atomic (yawan protons a tsakiya): 84
- Alamar atomatik (a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan): Po
- Nauyin atom (matsakaicin adadin zarra): 209
- Yawa: 9.32 grams da cubic santimita
- Mataki a zafin jiki: m
- Matsayin narkewa: 489.2 Fahrenheit (digiri 254 Celsius)
- Wurin tafasa: 1,763.6 digiri F (digiri 962 C)
- Mafi na kowa isotopes: Po-210 wanda ke da rabin rayuwa na kwanaki 138 kawai
Ganowa
Lokacin da Curie da mijinta, Pierre Curie, suka gano wannan sinadari, suna neman tushen aikin rediyo a cikin tama mai arzikin uranium da ke faruwa ta halitta mai suna pitchblende. Su biyun sun lura cewa pitchblende da ba a tace ba ya fi na uranium da aka raba da shi. Don haka sun yi tunanin cewa pitchblende dole ne ya kasance yana ɗauke da aƙalla wani nau'in rediyo.
Curies sun sayi cajin pitchblende don su iya raba mahaɗan da ma'adanai ta hanyar sinadarai. Bayan watanni na aiki tuƙuru, a ƙarshe sun ware sinadarin rediyoaktif: wani sinadari mai saurin radiyo sau 400 fiye da uranium, a cewar Ƙungiyar Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry ta Duniya (IUPAC).
Hakar Polonium yana da ƙalubale saboda akwai ɗan ƙaramin adadin; ton daya na takin uranium ya ƙunshi kusan micrograms 100 (0,0001 grams) na polonium kawai. Koyaya, Curies sun sami damar fitar da isotope da muka sani yanzu da Po-209, a cewar Royal Society of Chemistry.
A ina yake?
Ana iya samun alamun Po-210 a cikin ƙasa da iska. Alal misali, Po-210 an samar a lokacin bazuwar radon 222 gas, wanda shi ne sakamakon rubewar radium.
Radium, shi kuma, sinadari ne na rubewa na uranium, wanda ke cikin kusan dukkan duwatsu da kasa da aka samu daga duwatsu. Lichens na iya ɗaukar polonium kai tsaye daga yanayi. A yankunan arewa, mutanen da ke cin barewa na iya samun adadin polonium mafi girma a cikin jininsu saboda barewa suna cin lichen, a cewar Smithsonian.com.
Ana la'akari da wani nau'in halitta mai wuya. Ko da yake yana cikin ma'adinin uranium, ba na tattalin arziki ba ne saboda akwai kusan micrograms 100 na polonium a cikin tan 1. (0,9 metric tons) na takin uranium, bisa ga Lab na Jefferson. Maimakon haka, ana yin polonium ta hanyar bombarding bismuth 209, isotope mai tsayayye, tare da neutrons a cikin injin nukiliya.
A cewar kungiyar Royal Society of Chemistry, Wannan yana samar da radioactive bismuth 210, wanda sai ya rube zuwa polonium ta hanyar tsari mai suna beta decay. Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta Amurka ta kiyasta cewa duniya tana samar da kusan gram 100 (ozaji 3,5) na polonium-210 kawai a shekara.
Yana amfani
Saboda yawan aikin rediyo, polonium yana da ƴan aikace-aikacen kasuwanci. Iyakantattun abubuwan amfani da wannan sinadari sun haɗa da cire tsayayyen wutar lantarki daga injina da kuma cire ƙura daga nadi na fim.
A cikin aikace-aikace guda biyu, Dole ne a rufe polonium a hankali don kare mai amfani. Ana kuma amfani da sinadarin a matsayin tushen samar da wutar lantarki a cikin tauraron dan adam da sauran jiragen sama.
Wannan shi ne saboda polonium yana raguwa da sauri, yana sakin makamashi mai yawa a matsayin zafi a cikin tsari. A cewar kungiyar Royal Society of Chemistry, Giram ɗaya ne kawai na polonium ya kai zafin digiri 500 na ma'aunin celcius (932 Fahrenheit) lokacin da aka lalata.
Bam bam din
A tsakiyar yakin duniya na biyu, Rundunar Sojojin Injiniya ta fara shirya Gundumar Injiniya ta Manhattan, wani babban shiri na bincike da ci gaba wanda zai samar da makaman nukiliya na farko a duniya.
Kafin 1940s. babu wani dalili na keɓe shi da tsarki ko yawan samar da shi saboda ba a san amfani da shi ba kuma kadan ne aka sani game da shi. Amma injiniyoyin yankin sun fara nazarin polonium, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin sinadari a cikin makamansu na nukiliya. A cewar gidauniyar Atomic Heritage Foundation, hadewar polonium da wani nau'in da ba kasafai ba, beryllium ne suka tayar da bam. Bayan yakin, an tura shirin binciken polonium zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Mound a Miamisburg, Ohio. An kammala shi a cikin 1949, Mound Lab shine wurin dindindin na farko na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic don haɓaka makaman nukiliya.
guba na polonium
Polonium yana da guba ga mutane, ko da a cikin ƙananan adadi. Mutum na farko da ya mutu daga gubar polonium tabbas ita ce 'yar Marie Curie, Irene Joriot-Curie.
A shekara ta 1946, wani capsule na polonium ya fashe a kan bencinsa, wanda watakila shine dalilin da ya sa ya kamu da cutar sankarar bargo kuma ya mutu bayan shekaru 10. Har ila yau gubar Polonium ita ce ke da alhakin mutuwar Alexander Litvinenko, wani tsohon dan leken asirin Rasha ne wanda ke zaune a Landan a shekara ta 2006 bayan ya nemi mafakar siyasa.
Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito cewa, an kuma yi zargin guba da kashe shugaban Falasdinawa, Yasser Arafat a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da aka gano sinadarin polonium-210 a cikin rigarsa.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da polonium da halayensa.