Phanerozoic

phanerozoic

A kan sikelin lokacin geologic akwai eons, lokatai, da zamanin. Daya daga cikinsu shine Aeon Phanerozoic. An san shi azaman ma'auni na lokaci wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen Proterozoic. Babban bambancin shi ne cewa rayayyun halittu sun fara ɗaukar nau'i mai rikitarwa da haɓaka. Wannan shi ne yadda za a sami ɗimbin ɗimbin rayayyun halittu.

A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da Phanerozoic, halayensa, juyin halitta da bambancin halittu.

Phanerozoic Aeon

Phanerozoic da

Phanerozoic zamani ne da ya fara shekaru miliyan 590 da suka gabata. Wannan shi ne mafi kankanin lokaci a duk tarihin Duniya. Ya ci gaba har yau. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ya dace a kula da su shine karaya na babban nahiyar Rodinia. Koyaya, wasu ɓangarorin sun sami damar haɗa kai har sai an ƙirƙiri babban yankin Pangea.

Idan aka zo batun rayuwar dabba, wannan yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi canzawa a duniya, yayin da suka fara tasowa daga sifofi irin su harsashi da crustaceans zuwa bayyanar vertebrates. Ana iya raba shi zuwa zamani uku: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, da Cenozoic. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru shine ci gaban rayuwar kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ci gaban yana da sauƙin sauƙin fahimtar masana kimiyya, saboda Yawancin dabbobin zamanin Phanerozoic suna da sassa masu wuya (harsashi ko skeleton). Ba kamar sassa masu laushi ba, a yau za mu iya samun burbushin waɗannan sassa masu wuya. Bayan harsashi da kasusuwa, ana kuma iya samun duwatsun Phanerozoic da yawa. Masana kimiyya za su iya tsinkayar yanayi da juyin halittar tsirrai da dabbobi daga wadannan duwatsu.

Ya fara a cikin Cambrian. Sa’ad da dabbobi masu kauri na farko suka bayyana, sunansu ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci phanerós, wadda ke nufin “bayyane,” da zôon, wanda ke nufin “halitta,” kuma tare suna nufin “rayuwa bayyane.” Kalmar "Phanerozoic" ta kasance ta hannun Masanin ilimin kasa na Amurka George Halcott Chadwick (1876-1953) a cikin 1930. Shi ne magaji ga duban dan tayi na Precambrian, wanda ya hada da Harbin Dick, Gufeng, da Proterozoic.

Tsawon lokaci na Phanerozoic ya fara da saurin bayyanar jerin phyla na dabba (nau'o'in kungiya da ke tsakanin masarautu da masarautun dabbobi), wadanda suka samo asali ta hanyoyi daban-daban, bunkasar shuke-shuke masu sarkakiya, juyin halittar kifaye da juyin kwari da kamanni hudu da ci gaban dabbobin zamani.

Nahiyoyi

burbushin halittu

Nahiyoyi da muka sani yanzu - Turai, Asiya, Afirka, Oceania, Antarctica, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudancin Amurka - sun kafa nahiya tuntuni. Wannan babban nahiyar ana kiransa yankin Pangu. Sakamakon karo-karo tsakanin nahiyoyi, tsaunuka suna tasowa, kamar Appalachians a Amurka. A cikin wannan babbar nahiyar, an kafa arewa da kudu, wanda sabon teku Tethys ya raba.

Ana kiran arewa Laurasia, kudu kuwa ana kiranta Gondwana. Daga baya, an raba Laurasia zuwa Arewacin Amurka, Greenland, Turai, da Asiya. Nahiyar Gondwana ta ƙunshi Kudancin Amirka, Afirka, Indiya, Australia, da Antarctica. A lokacin Jurassic zamanin (tsakanin 205 da 135 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce), manyan nahiyoyi biyu sun kasance da juna. Nahiyoyi a hankali sun koma inda suke a yanzu. Afirka, Larabawa, da Indiya sun yi karo da Turai da Asiya. Daya daga cikin sakamakon karon shi ne tsaunin Himalayas da Dutsen Everest, dutse mafi tsayi a duniya (m8850). Wannan karon yana da ƙarfi sosai har tsaunin Himalayas ke ci gaba da girma a cikin ƴan santimita kaɗan a shekara. A wannan lokacin kuma an haifi tsaunin da ke yammacin gabar tekun Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da kuma tsibirai masu yawa a gabar tekun gabashin Asiya.

Phanerozoic yanayi da yanayi

lokacin geological

Yanayin Phanerozoic ya sami sauyi da yawa. Tubalan kankara sun taso a lokuta daban-daban har ma sun rufe kasar. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata (Ordovician), Wasu sassa na Arewacin Afirka da Kudancin Amirka sun cika da ƙanƙara. Kwanan nan, tsakanin shekaru miliyan 350 zuwa 250 da suka gabata (Carboniferous da Permian), dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe yankin Gondwana. Bayan haka, shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata, yawancin yankunan Antarctica, Arewacin Amurka, da Turai ma sun kasance da ƙanƙara.

Phanerozoic yana daya daga cikin eons da suka fi shan wahala canjin yanayin canji, tashi daga bushewa da farko, zuwa zama dumi da ɗanɗano. Kuma a ƙarshe zafinsa ya ragu kuma shekarun ƙanƙara da yawa sun fara. Yanayin yana ci gaba da samun iskar oxygen daga kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke aiwatar da aikin photosynthesis, kama da abin da tsire-tsire suke yi a yau.

Kafin Paleozoic, babu wani yanayi kamar yadda muka sani a yau. A wannan lokacin ne adadin iskar oxygen ya fara karuwa. Daga karshe, iska ta ƙunshi iskar oxygen da yawa, wanda ke haifar da Layer na ozone. A wurare masu tsayi, ƙwayoyin iskar oxygen suna rushewa ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet daga rana. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin iskar oxygen suna haɗuwa don samar da ozone.

Akwai kauri mai kauri na ozone a tsayin kilomita 15 zuwa 35. Wannan Layer yana tabbatar da cewa cutarwa daga hasken rana ba zai isa duniya ba. Kafin wannan Layer ya haɓaka, dabbobi sun dogara da farko akan ruwa don kariya. Sa'an nan tsire-tsire da dabbobi za su iya fara rayuwa a ƙasa. Tsirrai na farko na ƙasa sun girma a lokacin Silurian (shekaru miliyan 450 da suka wuce). Su tsire-tsire ne na jijiyoyin jini, kamar ferns. Invertebrates da yawa sun bayyana da sauri. Amphibians sun bayyana a cikin Devonian da dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin Carboniferous. A cikin shamaki na Triassic da Jurassic (shekaru miliyan 200 kafin) dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko sun taso daga karshe kuma tsuntsaye. Dabbobi masu shayarwa za su taka muhimmiyar rawa bayan bacewar dinosaur a ƙarshen lokacin Cretaceous (shekaru miliyan 65 a baya).

vida

Tsofaffin kasusuwan da aka gano sun kasance daga lokaci ɗaya da tsoffin duwatsu. Kasusuwan da suka fi dadewa suna da shekaru biliyan 3.400 kuma tsarin su zagaye da fibrous ne, kama da na kwayoyin cuta. Stromatolites da aka samo da farko a cikin Shark Bay (gabashin yammacin Ostiraliya) da Yellowstone National Park (Amurka) sun kasance na kowa a cikin Paleozoic da Proterozoic.

Soso na farko sun bayyana a cikin marigayi Proterozoic kimanin shekaru miliyan 700 da suka wuce. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba daular dabba zuwa kashi biyu: soso da maras soso. Babban bambanci shi ne cewa soso ba su da tsarin narkewa kamar jellyfish da dorinar ruwa. A farkon Paleozoic, vertebrates waɗanda ba soso ba sun girma da fashewa. Kasusuwan sun nuna cewa duk invertebrates da ke wanzu a yau su ma sun kasance shekaru miliyan 500 da suka wuce. Na farko vertebrates bayyana a cikin Ordovician, wadannan su ne kifi.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da Phanerozoic da halayensa.


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