Mun sake komawa zuwa zamanin Paleozoic a cikin zamani na ƙarshe. Game da shi Permian. Permian lokaci ne wanda ake ɗaukarsa rabo na wannan sikelin na lokacin ilimin kasa. Lokaci ne wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru miliyan 299 da suka gabata kuma ya ƙare shekaru miliyan 251 da suka gabata. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan lokutan ilimin ƙasa wanda ya gudana a wannan duniyar tamu, ƙirar ita ce waɗanda ke bayyana farkon da ƙarshen lokacin da aka san shi da kyau.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku game da duk halaye da abubuwan ilimin ƙasa waɗanda suka faru yayin Permian.
Babban fasali
Wannan sanin cewa farkon da ƙarshen wani lokacin ilimin ƙasa bai zama cikakke cikakke ba. Godiya ga strata, ana iya sanin su kusan shekarunsu. Markedarshen lokacin Permian alama ce ta ɓarna mai girma wanda ya faru daidai a wannan kwanan wata. Permian ya rigaya da wasu lokuta kamar Carboniferous kuma yana biye da wasu lokuta kamar Triassic.
Sunan Permian ya samo asali ne saboda ɗimbin kuɗaɗe da aka samu a yankin da ke kusa da garin Perm a cikin Rasha. Ruwan tafkin da aka samo galibi jan launi ne tare da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa da kuma bayyanar da zurfin ruwa.
A duk tsawon wannan lokacin akwai manyan sauyin yanayi a tsarin duniya tare da mahimmancin gaske. Halin gabaɗaya ya kasance daga yanayi mai zafi zuwa yanayin bushewa da ƙarin yanayin bushewa. Saboda haka, ana iya cewa yanayin yanayin zafi a wannan lokacin shine ƙaruwa. A lokacin Permian akwai raguwar gulbi da dukkan jikin ruwan saman.
Yawancin ferns da amphibians waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin yanayin ɗumi sun fara komowarsu. Kuma idan idan yanayin muhalli bai dace ba, lokacin sabawa da sabon yanayin muhalli yafi rikitarwa. Ferns wanda yake da tsaba, dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa sune wadanda suka gaji Duniya.
Permian Geology
Hasken kankara wanda ya kasance a lokacin Carboniferous ya riga ya wanzu a yankin kudancin polar na Gondwana. Saboda karuwar yanayin zafin duniya ya sanya wadannan kankarar ta koma kan Permian. A wannan lokacin Hergennian orogeny ya sami damar haɓaka godiya ga babban matakin aikin girgizar ƙasa. Yayinda faranti masu motsi suke motsawa sosai, za'a iya kirkirar wannan abun, wanda ya haifar da samuwar babbar nahiyar da ake kira Pangea.
Lokacin da wannan lokacin ya fara, duniyar tamu har yanzu tana fama da sakamakon ƙarshe na glaciation. Wannan yana nufin cewa dukkanin yankuna na Polar sun lulluɓe da dusar kankara mai yawa. Matsayin teku a lokacin Permian ya kasance mara ƙasa. Haɗin kai tsakanin Siberia da Gabashin Turai ya wanzu a cikin Ural tsaunuka abin da ya samar kusan kammala hadadden duk nahiyar da ake kira da Pangea.
A kudu maso gabashin Asiya mun sami babban filin ƙasa guda ɗaya wanda ya rabu da sauran kuma zai kasance haka yayin Mesozoic. Pangea yana kan tsaka-tsakin kuma ya miƙe zuwa sandunan da tasirin da ya dace ko kuma a cikin igiyoyin ruwa na tekun. A wannan lokacin a lokacin ilimin ƙasa akwai babban teku da ake kira Panthalassa. Wannan teku ana daukarta "teku ta duniya." Hakanan akwai tekun Paleo Tethys, wanda ke tsakanin Asiya da Gondwana. Nahiyar Cimmeria an kafa ta ne daga rarrabuwa tsakanin Gondwna da yawo zuwa arewa. Wannan ya haifar da cikakken rufewar tekun Paleo Tethys. Wannan shine yadda sabon teku yake girma a ƙarshen rana da aka sani da Tekun Tethys wanda zai mamaye yawancin Mesozoic.
Yanayin Permian
Saboda karuwar yanayin duniya, akwai yankuna masu yawa na duniya wadanda suka samar da yanayi mai sauyin yanayi kadan tsakanin zafi da sanyi. Yankunan da suka yi fice wajen yanayin sanyi su muke kira a yau da yanayin nahiyar. A cikin waɗannan canjin akwai yanayi na damina tare da ruwan sama na lokaci-lokaci.
A gefe guda, a cikin yankuna waɗanda yanayin su ya fice don samun yanayin ƙarancin zafi mun sami hamada mai yawan gaske. Yanayin bushe ya fi dacewa da fadadawa da fadadawa a cikin rarraba kayan motsa jiki. Waɗannan shuke-shuke ne tare da tsaba a haɗe a cikin murfin kariya waɗanda ke da mafi girman rayayyar rayuwa a cikin yanayin bushewa. Tsire-tsire kamar Tehran da ferns suna buƙatar tarwatsa kayan su kuma suna da matukar damuwa.
Bishiyoyi waɗanda wataƙila an tsawaita su yayin yanayin Permian sun kasance conifers, ginkgoes da cycads. Matsayin teku gabaɗaya ya ɗan ɗan yi kaɗan. Wannan ya haifar da yanayin halittun da ke kusa da gabar tekun an iyakance ta da kusan dukkanin manyan nahiyoyi a cikin wata babbar nahiya.
Wannan dalilin zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na yaduwar nau'in halittun ruwa a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Babban dalilin shine mummunan ragin yankunan bakin teku da ke da ƙarancin yanayin ƙasa wanda yawancin halittun ruwa suka fi so su rayu da nemo abinci.
Saboda samuwar muhimman jeri jeri kamar wanda Hercynian ya ba da gudummawa don tallafawa sauyin yanayi a duk duniya. Hakanan an kirkiro shingen gida da yawa wanda ya sanya sabbin tsaunukan tsaunuka suka ƙara fifita zaɓin yanayi na musamman. Amma ga yankuna na Polar, sun kasance yankuna ne masu sanyi sosai kuma yankuna masu ƙarancin dumi sosai.
fauna
Dabbobin ruwa sun yi kama da lokacin Devonian da Carboniferous banda ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka mutu a ɓarke. Akwai kyakkyawan yanayin canjin yanayin kwari masu neman zamani. Deposididdigar ruwan da aka samo daga dabbobin Permian suna da wadataccen burbushin halittu na brachiopods, echinoderms da mollusks.
Phytoplankton ya kunshi acritarcos kuma ya dage kodayake ba za a iya dawo da shi ba kafin babbar halaka ta karshen Devonian. Mafi yaduwa shine ammonoids kuma manyan wakilan nautiloids sun bayyana. Groupsungiyoyin farko na kifi waɗanda suka riga sun ɓace kamar placoderms da ostracoderms suma sun bayyana.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da Permian.