Ka'idojin thermodynamics

Entropy na duniya

A fannin kimiyyar lissafi, akwai reshe mai kula da nazarin sauye -sauyen da zafi da aiki ke samarwa a cikin tsarin. Yana da game da thermodynamics. Sashi ne na kimiyyar lissafi wanda ke da alhakin nazarin duk sauye -sauye, wanda sakamakon sakamako ne kawai wanda ya ƙunshi canje -canje a cikin canjin yanayi na zafin jiki da makamashi a matakin macro. Akwai da dama ka'idodin thermodynamics waxanda suke da asali ga bangarori da dama na kimiyyar lissafi.

Don haka, a cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku menene ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar thermodynamics kuma menene mahimmancin sa.

Halayen thermodynamics

Dokokin thermodynamics

Idan muka nazarci thermodynamics na gargajiya, za mu ga cewa ya ta'allaka ne akan tsarin tsarin macroscopic. Wannan tsarin wani bangare ne kawai na ingancin jiki ko ra'ayi na rabuwa da muhallin waje. Don ƙarin nazarin tsarin thermodynamic, koyaushe ana ɗauka cewa taro ne na zahiri wanda ba ta damu da musayar makamashi tare da yanayin muhalli na waje ba.

Yanayin tsarin macroscopic a ma'auni an ƙayyade shi ta adadin da ake kira masu canjin thermodynamic. Mun san duk waɗannan masu canji: zazzabi, matsin lamba, ƙarar da abun da ke cikin sinadarai. Duk waɗannan masu canji suna ayyana tsarin da daidaituwarsa. Godiya ga ƙawancen ƙasashe na aikace -aikace, an kafa manyan alamomin thermodynamics na sunadarai. Amfani da waɗannan raka'a na iya yin aiki mafi kyau da bayyana ƙa'idodin thermodynamics.

Duk da haka, akwai reshe na thermodynamics wanda baya nazarin daidaituwa, Maimakon haka, su ke kula da nazarin hanyoyin thermodynamic waɗanda galibi suna halin rashin samun ikon cimma daidaiton yanayi a tsayayyen hanya.

Ka'idojin thermodynamics

Shigar ciki

Akwai ka'idojin thermodynamics 4, waɗanda aka jera daga sifili zuwa maki uku, waɗannan dokokin suna taimakawa don fahimtar duk dokokin kimiyyar lissafi a sararin samaniya kuma ba zai yiwu a ga wasu abubuwan mamaki a duniyarmu ba. An kuma san su da sunan dokokin thermodynamics. Wadannan dokoki suna da asali daban -daban. An tsara wasu daga dabaru na baya. Dokar da aka sani ta ƙarshe ta thermodynamics ita ce dokar sifili. Waɗannan dokokin na dindindin ne a duk bincike da binciken da aka yi a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje. Suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda duniyarmu ke aiki. Za mu bayyana ka'idojin thermodynamics ɗaya bayan ɗaya.

Ka'ida ta farko

Wannan doka ta ce ba za a iya samar da makamashi ko lalata shi ba, ana iya canza shi kawai. Wannan kuma an san shi da dokar kiyaye makamashi. A gaskiya, Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin kowane tsarin jiki da aka ware daga muhallinsa, duk ƙarfinsa zai kasance iri ɗaya. Kodayake ana iya juyar da kuzari zuwa wasu nau'ikan kuzari ta wata hanya ko ɗaya, jimlar duk waɗannan kuzari koyaushe iri ɗaya ne.

Za mu ba da misali don mu fahimce shi da kyau. Bin wannan ƙa'idar, idan muka ba da wani adadin kuzari ga tsarin jiki a cikin yanayin zafi, za mu iya lissafin jimlar kuzarin ta hanyar nemo bambanci tsakanin karuwar kuzarin cikin gida da aikin da tsarin da kewayensa ke yi. Wato, bambancin dake tsakanin makamashin da tsarin ke da shi a wannan lokacin da aikin da ya yi zai zama makamashin zafin da ake fitarwa.

Ka'ida ta biyu

Idan akwai isasshen lokaci, duk tsarin a ƙarshe zai rasa daidaiton su. Ana kuma kiran wannan ƙa'idar dokar entropy. Ana iya taƙaita shi kamar haka. Adadin entropy a sararin samaniya zai karu akan lokaci. Entropy na tsarin shine ma'auni don auna matakin rashin lafiya. A takaice dai, Ka'idar thermodynamics ta biyu ta gaya mana cewa da zarar tsarin ya kai wani ma'auni, zai kara girman rashin lafiya a cikin tsarin. Wannan na iya nufin cewa idan muka ba tsarin isasshen lokaci, daga ƙarshe zai zama rashin daidaituwa.

Wannan ita ce dokar da ke da alhakin bayyana rashin jujjuyawar wasu abubuwan zahiri. Misali, yana taimaka mana muyi bayanin dalilin takarda takarda da aka ƙone ba za ta iya komawa ga asalin sa ba. A cikin wannan tsarin da aka sani da takarda da wuta, rikici ya karu har ya zama ba zai yiwu a koma asalinsa ba. Wannan dokar tana gabatar da yanayin shigar mutum ne, wanda a tsarin tsarin jiki shine yake da wakiltar matsayin cuta da kuma rashin kuzari.

Don fahimtar ƙa'ida ta biyu na ɗimbin ɗimbin zafi za mu ba da misali. Idan muka ƙona wani adadi na abubuwa kuma muka haɗa ƙwallo tare da tokar da ta haifar, za mu iya ganin cewa akwai ƙaramin abu fiye da a farkon yanayin. Wannan shi ne saboda kwayoyin halitta sun juya zuwa gas Ba za a iya dawo da su ba kuma dole ne su warwatse kuma su tarwatse. Wannan shine yadda muke ganin a cikin jihar ɗaya akwai aƙalla entropy fiye da na jihar biyu.

Ka'ida ta uku

ka'idodin thermodynamics

Lokacin da aka kai cikakkiyar sifili, tsarin tsarin jiki yana tsayawa. Cikakken sifili shine mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da za mu iya kaiwa. A wannan yanayin, muna auna zafin jiki a cikin digiri Kelvin. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya cewa zafin jiki da sanyaya suna sa entropy na tsarin ya zama sifili. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ya fi kama da tabbataccen dindindin. Lokacin da ya kai cikakkiyar sifili, tsarin tsarin jiki yana tsayawa. Sabili da haka, entropy zai sami ƙima amma ƙima.

Samun cikakkiyar sifili ko a'a aiki ne mai sauƙi. Cikakken ƙimar darajar Kelvin shine sifili, amma idan muka yi amfani da shi a ciki Auna ma'aunin ma'aunin zafin jiki na Celsius, shine -273,15 digiri.

Siffar doka

Wannan doka ce na ƙarshe ya ɗauka kuma ya ce idan A = C da B = C, to A = B. Wannan yana kafa ƙa'idodi na asali da na sauran dokokin uku na thermodynamics. Suna ne da ke ɗaukar dokar ma'aunin zafi. A takaice dai, idan tsarin da sauran tsarin suna cikin ma'aunin zafi da kansa, dole ne su kasance cikin ma'aunin zafi. Wannan doka ta ba da damar kafa ƙa'idodin zafin jiki. Ana amfani da wannan ƙa'idar don kwatanta ƙarfin kuzarin abubuwa biyu daban -daban a cikin yanayin ma'aunin zafi. Idan waɗannan abubuwa biyu suna cikin ma'aunin zafi, za su kasance ba dole ba a ma'aunin zafi ɗaya. A gefe guda kuma, idan su duka sun canza ma'aunin zafi na tsarin na uku, su ma za su shafi juna.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da ƙa'idodin thermodynamics na halayensa.


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