Idan muka koma ga sunan Krakatoa muna magana ne akan wani tsibiri mai aman wuta wanda yake a Sunda Strait na lardin Lampung, tsakanin Java da Sumatra, Indonesia. Kodayake ana kiranta Kirkatoa dutsen mai fitad da wuta, na wannan tsibirin yana da maɓuɓɓugan aman wuta guda 3. Ya zama sananne ga mummunan bala'in da ya haifar a 1833 lokacin da aman wuta ya lalata tsibirin gaba ɗaya kuma ya shafi yankuna mafi kusa.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da asali, samuwar da halaye na dutsen dutsen Krakatoa.
Babban fasali
Indonesiya ƙasa ce mai matuƙar aman wuta domin tana da duwatsu masu aiki da ƙarfi kusan 130, fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Sabili da haka, baƙon abu ba ne ga mazauna su ga yawan fashewar abubuwa da fashewa iri-iri masu ƙarfi. Dutsen dutsen mai suna Krakatoa dutsen mai fitad da wuta ne, wanda ya kunshi lawa, toka, pumice, da sauran kayan aikin pyroclastic.
Tsibirin yana da nisan kilomita 9, fadinsa kilomita 5 kuma yana da fili kusan kilomita murabba'i 28. Lakata a kudu yana da mita 813-820 sama da matakin teku; Pebu Atan a arewa yana da mita 120 sama da matakin teku sannan Danan a tsakiya yana da mita 445-450 sama da matakin teku.
Tunda Krakatoa itace stratovolcano kuma irin wannan dutsen mai fitad da wuta galibi ana sameshi sama da yankunan subduction, yana kan farantin Eurasia da na Indo-Australian. Yankin subduction shine wurin da aka lalata ɓawon tekun teku saboda hanyoyin isar ruwa suna haduwa a can. A sakamakon haka, farantin tectonic daya ya nutse karkashin wani.
Kafin fashewar dutsen da aka yi a shekarar 1883, Krakatoa wani bangare ne na karamin rukuni na tsibiran da ke kusa: Lang, Venlaten, da tsibirin Poolsche Hoed, da kuma wasu ƙananan tsibirai. Waɗannan duk ragowar abubuwan fashewar manyan duwatsun da suka gabata ne, waɗanda suka faru wani lokaci a cikin zamanin tarihi kuma sun kafa rami mai tsayin kilomita 7 ko damuwa a tsakanin su. Ragowar tsoffin aman wutar dutse sun fara haɗuwa, kuma bayan shekaru da yawa, saboda aikin faranti na tectonic, cones ɗin sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar Tsibirin Krakatoa.
Fuskokin aman wuta na Krakatoa
An san dutsen dutsen na Krakatoa a matsayin ɗayan dutsen da ya fi ɓarna a cikin rikodin. A zahiri, dutsen mai fitad da wuta yana da alamun fashewar abubuwa saboda lavarsu tana dauke da adadi mai yawa na iska da dacite, wanda ke sanya shi yin dattako sosai kuma yana haifar da matsi na iskar gas ya gina har zuwa matakan gaske.
Babu wani cikakken bayani game da tsoffin dutsen dutsen da ya fashe. A cikin 416 d. C., an ambaci wannan a cikin rubutun "Pararaton ko Littafin Sarakuna" akan tarihin sarakunan Gabas Java. C. Akwai fashewar da ba'a riga an tabbatar da ita ba a tarihi. Mai yiwuwa, a AD 535. C. Fashewar ta afku ne a cikin watanni da yawa, wanda ya yi babban tasiri a kan yanayin yankin arewacin duniya.
Ya bayyana cewa akwai fashewar abubuwa guda biyu a cikin 1681, waɗanda aka gani kuma aka rubuta su a cikin bayanan masu binciken jirgin Dutch John W. Vogel da Elias Hesse. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, aikin aman wuta ya kasance mai tsanani, amma sai ya lafa kuma ba ya zama da haɗari ga mazaunan yankin ba. Ko da a farkon 1880s, dutsen dutsin na Krakatoa an dauke shi a matsayin wanda ya mutu saboda babbar fashewa ta karshe da ta faru a shekarar 1681. Amma, wannan halin yana gab da canzawa.
A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1883, Perbuatan ya fara fitar da ƙura da toka. A waccan safiyar, kyaftin din jirgin ruwan na Jamus Elizabeth ya ruwaito yana da shi ganin gajimare mai tsayin kilomita kimanin 9-11 a tsibirin da ba kowa a ciki na Krakatoa. A tsakiyar watan Yuni, an kusan lalata bakin ramin Perbuatan. Ayyukan ba su daina ba, amma a cikin watan Agusta ya sami sikelin bala'i.
Da misalin ƙarfe 1 na ranar Lahadi, 26 ga watan Agusta, Krakatoa ta sami fashewa ta farko mai girman gaske, yayin da mummunan fashewar ya haifar da gizagizai waɗanda sYa tashi kilomita 25 sama da tsibirin kuma ya bazu arewa har sai da ya kai aƙalla kilomita 36 a tsayi. Mafi munin abu ya faru washegari: saboda yawan matsi, akwai fashewar abubuwa 4 da safe, wanda kusan ya busa tsibirin. A watan Agusta 1883, an sami fashewar abubuwa huɗu da suka lalata tsibirin gaba ɗaya.
An yi amo da amo da amo mafi girma a tarihi kuma ya katse kunnen mutanen da ke kusa da yankin. An ji wannan sautin kusan kilomita 3.110 daga Perth, Western Australia da Mauritius. Saboda mummunar fashewar, tsunami ya faru, raƙuman ruwa sun kai tsayi na kusan mita 40 kuma sun matsa zuwa gabar yamma na Sumatra, Yammacin Java da tsibiran da ke kusa da su a gudun kusan kilomita 1.120 a awa ɗaya. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce 36.000.
Theura da iskar gas da dutsen dutsen Krakatoa ya saki a cikin 1883 ya kasance cikin sararin sama har tsawon shekaru 3. Dutsen da ke cikin dutsen ya ɓace kuma an kirkiri wani sabon rami, kuma sai a shekarar 1927 ne yankin ya fara nuna alamun ayyukan aman wuta. Wani sabon tsibiri mai aman wuta ya bayyana a shekara ta 1930 kuma daga baya aka sanya masa suna Anak Krakatoa (ɗan Krakatoa). Tsibirin yana girma yayin da shekaru suka wuce.
Sauyin yanayi, flora da fauna
Tsibirin yana da yanayin zafi mai zafi da zafin jiki tsakanin 26 ° da 27 ° Celsius. Mummunar fashewar ta shafe dukkan rayuwa a yankin kuma ta sake bayyana a cikin 1927 a matsayin dutsen mai fitarwa na Anak Krakatoa. Amma gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire 40.000 a Indonesia, ciki har da bishiyoyi 3.000 da orchids 5.000. Lowananan arewacin yankin suna da yawan ciyawar dazuzzuka, kuma kudanci masu kudu sun mamaye bishiyar bishiyar dabino da dabino.
Dabbobin sunada nau'uka daga yankuna masu zafi na Afirka da Amurka, amma kowane tsibiri yana da nau'ikan daban. Ana iya ganin Orangutans ne kawai a Sumatra da Borneo; damisa a Sumatra da Java, bison da giwaye a Java da Borneo, sai kawai tapir da siamang a Sumatra.
Kamar yadda kake gani, akwai duwatsu masu aman wuta da gaske sun sanya alama kafin da bayanta a tarihi. Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da dutsen mai ba da haske na Krakatoa da halayensa.