Menene ilimin lissafi

menene halaye na lissafin lissafi

A makarantar sakandare mun saba yin karatun physics. Duk da haka, akwai nau'in ilimin lissafi wanda watakila kowa bai saba da shi ba. Yana da game da lissafin lissafi. Mutane da yawa ba su san menene ilimin lissafi na quantum ba. Batun muhawara ne mai ban sha'awa wanda zai iya canza ra'ayinmu game da sararin samaniya da ke kewaye da mu. Ka'idar kimiyyar lissafi ce ta bayyana halayen kwayoyin halitta kuma tana da aikace-aikace da yawa a rayuwar yau da kullun.

Saboda haka, a cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku abin da Quantum physics ne da kuma abin da halaye.

Menene ilimin lissafi

Quantum physics kuma ana kiransa quantum ko ka'idar injiniya. Domin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar inji wacce ke mai da hankali kan ma'aunin tsayi da abubuwan al'ajabi na makamashin atomic da subatomic, wanda ke ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga ka'idojin da suka gabata, wadanda a yanzu ake ganin sun tsufa.

Menene bambanci tsakanin kimiyyar lissafi na gargajiya da kididdigar lissafi? Ƙarshen yana kwatanta radiation da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin abubuwa biyu: taguwar ruwa da barbashi. Don haka, ana iya ɗaukar duality-barbashi raƙuman ruwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin halayen wannan injiniyoyi. Ana nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin raƙuman ruwa da barbashi kuma an tabbatar da su ta hanyoyi biyu:

  • Ka'idar complementarity
  • Ka'idodin rashin tabbas na Heisenberg (na ƙarshe ya tsara na farko).

Za mu iya tabbata cewa, bayan gano ka'idar dangantaka da haihuwar ilimin kimiyyar gargajiya. waɗannan fahimtar sun kawo cikin sabon zamani, kimiyyar lissafi na zamani. Don nazarin injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa gaba ɗaya, ana buƙatar haɗin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban na kimiyyar lissafi:

  • Atomic physics
  • Barbashi na jiki
  • Physics na kwayoyin halitta
  • Ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya

Tushen

Menene ilimin lissafi

Ilimin kimiyyar gargajiya ba zai iya yin nazarin kwayoyin halitta a matakin micro a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, wanda za a iya cewa ya wuce iyakar ma'aunin atomic. Don haka, ba shi yiwuwa a yi nazarin gaskiyar gwaji, musamman abubuwan da suka shafi haske da na lantarki. Amma mutane ko da yaushe suna so su ci gaba, kuma sha'awarsa ta zahiri tana motsa shi don ƙarin bincike.

A farkon karni na XNUMX, binciken da ya fito daga ma'aunin atomic ya kalubalanci tsofaffin zato. An haifi ka'idar ƙididdiga ta godiya ga kalmar da Max Planck na ilimi ya ƙirƙira a farkon karni na XNUMX. Mahimmin ra'ayi shine cewa girman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da adadin wasu tsarin jiki na iya canzawa a daina amma a hankali.

Waɗannan su ne nazarce-nazarce da bincike da suka ba da damar cimma wannan matsaya:

  • 1803: gane atom a matsayin sinadari na kwayoyin halitta
  • 1860: ƙungiyoyin tebur na lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar sinadarai
  • 1874: gano electron da tsakiya
  • 1887: Nazarin kan ultraviolet radiation

Kwanan wata na ƙarshe na iya yin alamar babban layin rarrabawa. Don mitocin radiation da ke ƙasa da bakin kofa, yanayin hulɗa (tasirin hoto) tsakanin radiation na lantarki da kwayoyin halitta ya ɓace. Saboda tasirin photoelectric, makamashin na'urorin lantarki ya yi daidai da mita na radiation electromagnetic. Ka'idar igiyar ruwa ta Maxwell ba ta isa ta bayyana wasu abubuwan mamaki ba.

Theoryididdigar jimla

Don taƙaita abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen haifar da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga, za mu iya lissafa wasu muhimman ranaku waɗanda ke da alaƙa da bincike da ilimin da aka yi amfani da su don gano tarihin injiniyoyi masu yawa:

  • 1900: Planck i.Yana gabatar da ra'ayin cewa ana ƙididdige makamashi, sha, da fitarwa.
  • 1905: Einstein yana nuna tasirin photoelectric (ana ɗaukar makamashin filin lantarki ta hanyar adadin haske (hotuna)
  • 1913: Bohr yana ƙididdige motsin orbital na lantarki.
  • 1915: Summerfeld yana gabatar da sabbin dokoki, hanyoyin ƙididdigewa gabaɗaya.

Amma daga 1924 ne ka'idar quantum, kamar yadda muka sani yanzu, ta aza harsashi. A wannan rana, Louise de Broggie ya haɓaka ka'idar raƙuman kwayoyin halitta. A shekara ta gaba, Heinsburg ya karbi ragamar mulki, ya tsara matrix makanikai, sa'an nan Dirac ya ba da shawarar ka'idar dangantaka ta musamman a 1927. Har zuwa 1982, lokacin da Orsay Institute of Optics ya kammala bincikensa na cin zarafi na rashin daidaito na Bell, waɗannan binciken sun ci gaba da ci gaba daya bayan daya. .

Ka'idodin ilimin lissafi

Ka'idar jimla

Daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken da muka samu:

  • Duality-barbashi
  • Ka'idar complementarity
  • Farkon rashin tabbas

Wave-barbashi dualism

Kafin haka, kimiyyar lissafi ta gargajiya ce kawai ta wanzu. An raba wannan zuwa rukuni biyu na dokoki:

  • Dokokin Newton
  • Dokokin Maxwell

Saitin dokoki na farko yana bayyana motsi da motsin abubuwa na inji, yayin da saitin dokoki na biyu ya bayyana halaye da haɗin kai tsakanin batutuwa waɗanda ke ɓangaren filayen lantarki: haske da raƙuman rediyo, alal misali.

Wasu gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa ana iya tunanin haske a matsayin igiyar ruwa. Amma ba a tabbatar da su ba. A daya bangaren kuma, haske yana da dabi'ar barbashi (daga Einstein da Planck) don haka, ra'ayin cewa ya hada da photon ya kara samun halacci sosai. Godiya ga Bohr an fahimci cewa yanayin kwayoyin halitta da radiation sune:

  • Maida shi taguwar ruwa
  • Maida shi jiki

Ba zai yiwu a yi tunani daga wannan mahanga ko wata ba, amma ta mahangar kari. Ƙa'idar haɗin gwiwa ta Bohr ta jaddada wannan batu kawai, wato, abubuwan da ke faruwa a ma'aunin atomic suna da kaddarorin biyu na taguwar ruwa da barbashi.

Ka'idodin rashin tabbas na Heinsenberg

Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya a cikin 1927, Heinsenberg ya nuna cewa wasu nau'i-nau'i na adadi na jiki, kamar gudu da matsayi. ba zai iya yin rajista lokaci guda ba tare da kuskure ba. Daidaito yana iya shafar ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni guda biyu, amma ba duka biyun a lokaci ɗaya ba, saboda abubuwan al'ajabi kamar gudu za su yi tasiri ga sauran sakamakon ma'aunin kuma su lalata ma'aunin.

Don gano wurin lantarki, dole ne a haskaka photon. Matsakaicin tsayin raƙuman photon, mafi daidaitaccen ma'aunin matsayi na lantarki. A kididdigar kididdigar lissafi, ƙarancin mitar photons yana ɗaukar ƙarin ƙarfi da sauri fiye da ɗaukar electrons. A lokaci guda, waɗannan ma'auni ba za a iya tantance su ba.

Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da menene ilimin lissafi na quantum da menene halayensa.


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