Shekaru uku da suka gabata, masana kimiyya na Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) sun ba duniya mamaki da hoton farko na baƙar fata da aka kama a cikin makwabciyar galaxy M87. Yanzu, wannan ƙungiyar a karon farko ta nuna shaidar gani kai tsaye tare da hoton farko na black hole a cikin galaxy mu, ta yin amfani da abubuwan lura daga hanyar sadarwa ta duniya ta na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku yadda aka samu hoton black hole a cikin galaxy ɗinmu da irin illar da ke tattare da shi.
Ɗauki hoto na black hole a cikin galaxy ɗin mu
Wannan shine Sagittarius A*, babban maɓuɓɓugan radiyo wanda ke canzawa koyaushe. Masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da algorithms tsawon shekaru don sake gina juyin halittarsa na tsawon lokaci kamar "fim" ne, amma Yanzu sun yi nasara kuma sun sake yin hotunansu.
Baya ga jerin kasidu da aka buga a bugu na musamman na The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Kungiyar Haɗin kai ta Horizon Telescope (EHT) ta bayyana wannan ci gaba a yau a jerin tarurrukan 'yan jaridu na duniya lokaci guda a duk faɗin duniya.
"Wannan shine hoton farko na Sagittarius A*, babban rami mai duhu a tsakiyar Milky Way, wanda ya ninka sau miliyan 4 girma fiye da Rana. Muna ba da shaidar gani kai tsaye ta farko ta wanzuwarsu, "in ji Sara Issaoun, Jami'ar Nazarin Astrophysicist Harvard Astrophysicist A Center Research Fellow, tana magana a hedkwatar Kudancin Turai (ESO) a Munich, Jamus.
Sakamakon ya ba da babbar shaida da ke nuna cewa abin baƙin ciki ne kuma ya ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da ayyukan waɗannan manyan taurari, waɗanda ake tunanin suna kwance a tsakiyar yawancin taurari.
A cewar masana kimiyya fiye da 300 daga cibiyoyi 80 da ke cikin binciken, babban rami "na auna" kimanin mutane miliyan 4 na hasken rana, a yankin da bai fi tsarin hasken rana ba. 27.000 haske shekaru daga duniyarmu. Ta fuskarmu, girman doki ne akan wata a sararin sama.
shaida na gani na farko
Hoton kallon da aka daɗe ana jira ne na wani katafaren abu a tsakiyar tauraron mu. Masana kimiyya sun gani taurarin da ke kewaya wasu manya-manyan abubuwa, karamtattun abubuwa, da ba a iya gani a tsakiyar hanyar Milky Way. Wannan yana nuna ƙarfi sosai cewa jikin sama Sadge A* baƙar fata ne.
Ko da yake ba za mu iya ganin ramin baƙar fata da kansa ba saboda duhu ne gaba ɗaya, iskar gas ɗin da ke kewaye da shi yana bayyana wani yanayi na musamman: yankin tsakiyar duhu (wanda ake kira inuwa) kewaye da tsarin zobe mai haske. Sabon ra'ayi yana ɗaukar haske mai ƙarfi ta bakin rami mai ƙarfi.
"Mun yi mamakin yadda girman zoben ya yi daidai da hasashen ka'idar gamayya ta Einstein da kyau sosai," in ji Geoffrey Bower, babban masanin kimiyyar aikin EHT a Cibiyar Nazarin Astronomy da Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei. "Wadannan abubuwan da ba a taɓa gani ba suna haɓaka fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a tsakiyar tauraron mu. samar da sabbin bayanai game da yadda manyan ramukan baƙar fata ke hulɗa da muhallinsu".
Duba irin wannan abu mai nisa yana buƙatar na'urar hangen nesa mai girman duniya, ko da yake kusan ko daidai, kuma abin da EHT zai iya cimma ke nan. Ya ƙunshi na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo guda takwas waɗanda ke cikin Chile, Amurka, Mexico, Spain da Pole ta Kudu. A cikin Amurka, wanda Cibiyar Kula da Kudancin Turai (ESO) ke sarrafawa da sauran abokan hulɗa na duniya a cikin hamadar Atacama a Chile, a cikin Turai Cibiyar Millimetric Radio Astronomy (IRAM) a Saliyo Nevada (Granada) ta fice.
EHT ya lura Sagittarius A* na tsawon darare da yawa a jere, yana tattara bayanai na sa'o'i, kama da yin amfani da dogon filaye akan kyamarar da ke tsaye. Daga cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo da suka hada da EHT, eriyar IRAM na Tsawon mita 30 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abubuwan lura, ba da damar samun hotuna na farko.
Ta hanyar wata dabara da ake kira dogon lokaci mai suna Interferometry (VLBI, wacce ke amfani da ayyukan lissafi maimakon ruwan tabarau), an haɗa sigina daga dukkan na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo da sarrafa bayanansu ta hanyar algorithm da manyan kwamfutoci don sake gina mafi kyawun hoto.
Thalia Traianou, mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Astrophysics na Andalusian (IAA-CSIC), ta kara da cewa: "Fasahar za ta ba mu damar samun sabbin hotuna na bakar ramuka da ma fina-finai."
Baƙaƙen ramuka guda biyu iri ɗaya
Dangane da hoton black hole a cikin galaxy M87 da aka dauka a shekarar 2019, masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa bakar ramukan biyu sunyi kama da juna, duk da cewa black hole dake cikin galaxy din mu. Ya fi sau 1000 ƙarami kuma ƙasa da girman M87*, wanda ke nesa da shekaru miliyan 55 haske.. Katafaren tauraro yana da yawan rana biliyan 6.500 da diamita na kilomita biliyan 9.000, wanda ke nufin tsarin hasken rana har zuwa Neptune zai shiga cikinsa.
"Muna da nau'ikan taurari guda biyu mabanbanta da kuma nau'ikan ramukan baƙar fata guda biyu daban-daban, amma a kusa da gefuna na waɗannan baƙaƙen ramukan, suna kama da kamanceceniya," in ji Sera Markoff, shugabar kwamitin kimiyya na EHT kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin taurari. a Jami'ar Amsterdam. Wannan yana nuna mana cewa haɗin kai na gabaɗaya yana tafiyar da waɗannan abubuwa kusa, kuma duk wani bambance-bambancen da muke gani daga baya yana faruwa ne saboda bambance-bambancen al'amarin da ke tattare da rami mai duhu. »
Wannan shi ne yadda Roberto Emparan, masanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da kuma farfesa na ICREA a Cibiyar Nazarin Cosmology na Jami'ar Barcelona, ya bayyana shi ga SMC Spain: "A halin yanzu, zamu iya cewa kamance tsakanin hoton M87 * daga 2019 da Hoton na yanzu ya fito ne daga SgrA * wanda ke nuna cewa, komai girman ramin baki, muhallin da ke kusa da ramin baki yayi kama da haka. Abin lura a nan gaba zai ba mu ƙarin bayani game da kaddarorin al'amarin da ke kewaye da black hole, kuma za mu iya iya sanin ko ainihin abin da ka'idar Einstein ya annabta ne, ko kuma wani ɗan wasa mai ban mamaki ko 'copycat'."
Gonzalo J. Olmo, farfesa na Ma'aikatar Ilimin Kimiyyar Kimiyya da IFIC na Cibiyar Hybrid na Jami'ar Valencia da CSIC, da Diego Rubiera-García, mai bincike na Talent na Ma'aikatar Ilimin Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Jami'ar Complutense na Madrid ta zo daidai. "Ko da yake wannan abu ya fi girma sau dubu fiye da abubuwan da aka gani a yau a cikin Milky Way, kamancensa da 'ƙananan' baƙar fata na mu yana nuna jimlar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ke kwatanta waɗannan abubuwa", suna jaddada SMC Spain.
Koyaya, sakamakon yau ya fi M87* wahala, ko da yake Sagittarius A* ya fi kusa. Dole ne ƙungiyar ta haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki na zamani don bayyana motsin iskar gas a kusa da Sgr A*. Yayin da M87* ya kasance mafi sauƙi kuma mafi kwanciyar hankali, kusan dukkanin hotuna suna kama da juna, Sgr A * ba.
"Gas ɗin da ke kusa da ramin baki yana tafiya da gudu ɗaya, kusan da sauri kamar haske, kusa da Sagittarius A* da M87*," in ji masanin kimiyya EHT Chi-kwan Chan na Cibiyar Kula da Kulawa da Kula da Sararin Samaniya da Ma'aikatar Astronomy da Bayanai. Jami'ar Arizona, yayin da iskar gas ke ɗaukar kwanaki zuwa makonni don kewaya mafi girma M87*, mafi ƙarami Sagittarius A* yana kammala kewayawa cikin mintuna."
"Wannan yana nufin cewa haske da tsarin iskar gas a kusa da Sagittarius A* yana canzawa da sauri yayin da EHT ke ba da haɗin kai don kiyaye shi: kamar ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na ganin ɗan kwikwiyo yana bin wutsiyarsa da sauriYa ci gaba.
Hoton Sgr A* baƙar fata shine matsakaicin hotuna daban-daban da ƙungiyar ta fitar, a ƙarshe ta bayyana babban tauraro a tsakiyar Milky Way a karon farko.
Ina fatan cewa da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da hotunan da aka kama na black hole a cikin galaxy ɗinmu.