La Zamanin Pliocene shine karshen na Lokacin Neogene na Zamanin Cenozoic. Ya fara kimanin shekaru miliyan 5.5 da suka gabata kuma ya ƙare shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka gabata. Wannan lokacin yana da matukar mahimmanci a cikin haɓakar farkon hominids da flora da fauna na duk duniya. Da Fauna na Pliocene fara zama a yankuna daban-daban iyakance da yanayin damina na wancan lokacin. A lokuta da yawa wannan wurin an kiyaye shi har zuwa yau.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku game da duk halaye, halittu daban-daban da kuma canjin halittar dabbobi na Pliocene.
Canje-canje a cikin zamanin Pliocene
Wannan shine lokacin da godiya ga burbushin farko ya yiwu a san cewa farkon hominid wanda ya rayu a wannan duniyar tamu, Australopithecus, ya mamaye yankin Afirka. Wannan lokacin yana nufin manyan canje-canje a matakin bambancin halittu, na fure da fauna. Tsirrai sun fara yaduwa a yankuna daban-daban tare da iyakokin yanayi. Jimlar tsawon aikin Pliocene ya kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 3.
Mafi yawan wadannan canje-canje da yaduwa suna cikin yankin rarraba tsirrai da dabbobi sun samo asali ne daga zurfafa da canje-canje masu mahimmanci a jikin ruwa a doron ƙasa. Kuma shine cewa an daidaita teku da tekuna a wannan lokacin. Akwai hutu tsakanin sadarwa da ta kasance daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Fasifik. Sakamakon wannan fashewar, abin da muka sani a yau kamar Isthmus na Panama ya tashi. Bahar Rum kuma an sake cika shi da ruwa wanda ya fito daga Tekun Atlantika kuma ya kawo ƙarshen rikicin da ake kira rikicin gishiri na Almasihu. Wannan rikicin yana nufin babban adadin gishirin da ya wanzu a Tekun Bahar Rum saboda rufe mashigar ruwan Gibraltar.
Yayinda yawan ruwa mai narkewa ya karu kuma akwai kadan daga gare shi, yawan ruwan gishirin ya karu har ta yadda ba zai iya tallafawa dabba da rayuwar tsiro ba. Tare da gabatar da sabon ruwa daga Tekun Atlantika, ana iya saukar da matakan gishirin zuwa yanayin kwanciyar hankali.
A ƙarshe, ɗayan mahimmancin abubuwan juyin halitta na zamanin Pliocene shine bayyanar farkon hominids. Australopithecus ya kasance ɗan adam mafi girma a asalin halittar mutum. Shine farkon jinsin halittar Homo.
Furannin pliocene da fauna
A wannan lokacin tsire-tsire sun yalwata saboda karuwar yanayin duniya. Tsirrai wadanda suka fi yaduwa sune filayen ciyawa. Yanayin zafin da ya mamaye duk tsawon wannan lokacin yayi kadan tunda haka glaciers suka bazu a yankuna masu fadi. Kodayake yanayin ƙarancin yanayi ya wanzu a ko'ina cikin yankuna masu faɗi, akwai kuma ciyayi masu zafi waɗanda ke da wakiltar gandun daji da gandun daji. Koyaya, waɗannan yankuna dazuzzuka sun iyakance ne kawai ga yankin mashigar ƙasa inda akwai yanayin yanayi mafi kyau.
Ga sauran yankunan da ke da ƙarancin yanayin zafi, yankuna ne da zasu iya mallakar yankuna. Saboda canjin yanayi da ya kasance a wannan lokacin, manyan yankuna na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa na iya bayyana waɗanda suka zama hamada. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan manyan hamada har yanzu suna da yawa a yau. A yankunan da ke kusa da sandunan an kafa flora kuma tana nan a yau. Wannan fure sune conifers. Conifers tsirrai ne waɗanda ke da babban ƙarfin tsayayya da yanayin ƙarancin yanayi da haɓaka cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Kwayar halittar data fi yaduwa sosai a wannan lokacin shine tundra. Tundra ya kasance kamar wannan har zuwa yau tunda an sami kan iyakokin iyaka tare da sandar arewa.
Game da fauna na Pliocene, zamu sami ɗayan manyan nasarori dangane da ci gaban ɗan adam. Kuma shine farkon hominid da aka sani da Australopithecus. A gefe guda kuma, muna ganin babban ci gaba da yalwar dabbobi masu shayarwa albarkacin babbar halittar su. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun sami damar faɗaɗawa ta yawancin yanayi kuma sun dace da yanayi daban-daban.
Kodayake sauran rukunin dabbobi suma suna fuskantar wasu canje-canje a tsarin kwayar halitta da juyin halitta, dabbobi masu shayarwa ne suka fi samin ci gaba.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa na dabbobin daji na Pliocene
Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fara zama a wuraren da suka daidaita a yau. Tsohuwar dangi na dabbobi masu shayarwa wanda babban halayyar su itace tafiya mai goyan bayan yatsun yatsun sune masu kulawa. Akwai nau'ikan jinsuna daban-daban waɗanda ke cikin wannan rukunin dabbobi kuma sun fara ɓatar da ɓangarorin jiki da ƙasa. Koyaya, a cikin wasu yankuna sun sami damar daidaitawa da haɓakawa sosai. Muna magana ne game da rakuma da dawakai. Yatsun yayan wadannan dabbobin an rufe su da kofato.
Wani rukuni na dabbobi wanda ya bunkasa a wannan lokacin shine proboscideans. Rukuni ne na dabbobi waɗanda babban halayen su shine tsawaita fuskokin su. Ana kiran wannan ƙarin proboscis. A cikin fauna na Pliocene akwai samfuran wannan rukunin da yawa kamar giwaye da stegodonts. Daga cikin wadannan rukunin dabbobi biyu, giwaye ne kawai suka rayu har zuwa yau.
Daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma muna samun beraye waɗanda babban halayyar su ke haƙoran hakora. Wadannan hakoran cikin gida suna dacewa da cizon itace ko wasu kayan kuma su sha a ciki. Su quadrupeds ne kuma sun bambanta da girma. An ce galibi sun gudu ne ta cikin yankunan nahiyar Turai.
Australopithecus Shi ne farkon hominid wanda zai iya motsawa biyu. Game da iya tafiya ne akan gabobi biyu na baya. Girmansa ƙarami ne kaɗan tun yana da tsayin mita 1.30 kawai kuma yana da siriri. Abincinta ya kasance komai kuma yana iya bunƙasa a nahiyar Afirka, inda aka sami yawancin burbushin halittu a yau.
Sauran dabbobi
Sauran rukunin dabbobi suma sun bunkasa sosai yayin zamanin Pliocene. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da babban ci gaba, musamman kifi da kadoji. Game da tsuntsaye, galibin mazauna nahiyar Amurka kuma sun kasance masu cin dabbobi masu yawa. Wani rukuni na tsuntsaye da aka fi sani da anseriformes sune wadanda suka bunkasa sosai. A cikin wannan rukunin tsuntsaye muna samun agwagwa da swans, da sauransu.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da falon Pliocene.